Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Microbiology > Fungi- intro > Flashcards

Fungi- intro Flashcards

1
Q

fungi roles

A
  • recyclers
  • provide us with food
  • medicines
  • enzymes
  • model organisms
  • villains of crop disease
  • villains of wild life disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

food production needs to

A

double within the next 50 years - challenge to food security

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

challenges to food security include

A

water crisis, energy costs, land degradation, political conditions, climate change, pests and pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

fungi are the biggest threat to

A

global food security out of all microorganisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

where are pathogens moving

A

polewards in a warming world. also an increasing number at high latitudes
–> mean shift of 3km per year, since 1960

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

5 most devastating crop pathogens

A

wheat stem rust, rice blast, potato late bought, corn smut, soybean rust

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

annual loss due to these pathogens is sufficient to feed

A

600-4,000 million people per year

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

which fungal disease is the most devastating int he EJ

A

Zymoseptoria tritici

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Zymoseptoria tritici is

A

fungicide resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

fungi threaten ecosystem

A

resilience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Ash dieback, UK

A

80 million ash trees in the UK. Fungus ‘arrived’ in 2012. Over 1000 sites infected (2017). Only 2% of ash trees remain in areas of int and east anglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

medical mycoses e.g.

A

Trichophyton rubrum –> fungal nail disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

microbes dominant

A

earths biodiversity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

guns can range from

A

single cells to enormous chains of cells that can stretch for miles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

methods of microbiology

A

microscopy, sterilisation, pure culture methods and molecular biology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

confocal microscopy (AFM and NMR)

A

specificity, resolution and lice ell imagery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

sterilisation and axenic culture

A

using autoclaves and microbiological filters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

hypothesis for the origin of life

A

RNA world–> RNA was first form of genetics and then DNA took over because it was more stable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

how many species

A

10+ million to a trillion species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

how many known species

A

1.5 million

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

how many new species name a year

A

7- 10,000 new species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

99% of all species that have been on earth are

A

extinct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

how many microbes

A

100 billion to 1 trillion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

microbes adapt to their environment resulting in

A

diversity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
way of classifying microbial diversity (4)
morphological diversity, metabolic diversity, ecological diversity, genetic diversity
26
morpholigical
key advance being microscopy
27
metabolic diversity
biochemical and0 key advance being enzymeology
28
ecological diversity
e.g. extremophiles
29
genetic diversity
key advances- molecular biology, genome comparisons
30
halophile
microorganisms which can live in extremes of salinity
31
acidophile
microorganism which live in very acidic conditions
32
alkaliphile
microorganism which live in very alkaline conditions
33
barophile
microorganisms which live under extreme pressure
34
what allows for construction of molecular phylogenetic trees
alterations in DNA sequence
35
morphological diversity is sufficient for
distinguishing prokaryotic/eukaryotic and some obvious prokaryotic differences - metabolic differences can help to further distinguish
36
metabolic diversity- biochemical differences
1) energy source | 2) carbon source
37
organic
heterotrophs
38
CO2
autotrophs
39
early models of phylogeny
2 kingdom model --> 5 kingdom model
40
5 kingdoms
plantae, fungi, animalia, protista, monera
41
why is rRNA an excellent chonometer
highly conserved and functionally constant
42
carl woese
sequences the 16s RNA from a broad array of microorganisms. 16s sufficient not to see many changes through evolution.
43
ribosomal RNA gene sequencing and phylogeny
1) ure culture and cells are lysed and dna isolated 2) gene encoding ribosomal RNA is isolated and amplified by PCR 3) amplified rRNA gene is sequenced 4) obtained sequences aligned by computer --> airways comparisons --> into tree of life 5) tree depicts differences in rRNA sequence between organisms
44
on the tree of life, the length of the line is proportional to
evolutionary distance
45
carl worse -rRNA analysis of methanogens
worse compared rRNA in bacteria and eukaryotes and produced association coefficients
46
according to Woese how similar and diff were euk and bacteria
0.3 similar and 0.8 diff
47
subunits of RNA polymerase in bacteria
4 subunits αββ’ð
48
subunits in eukarya RNA polymerase
101-2 subunits
49
what suggests archaea translation is more like eukarya than bacteria
inhibitors
50
order of classification
``` Domain Kindgom Phylum Class Order Family Genus species ```
51
fundamental differences in archael membrane
1) linkage of hydrophobic side chains 2) type of side chain e. g. ester linkage bonds fatty acid to glycerol - isoprene ins
52
ether linkage bonds side chain to
glycerol
53
how many subgroups in Archaea
2
54
2 groups of archaea
1) hyperthermophils- grow at higher temps | 2) methanogens and extreme halophiles and acidophiles
55
archaea
16s
56
eukarya
18s
57
early branching in eukarya lack
mitochondria and other eukaryotic organelles
58
many early branching eukaryotes (protozoans) are
pathogenic parasite of humans (giardia, trichomonas)
59
though that Euk mitochondria and chloroplasts..
evolved from bacteria
60
those cells lacking mitochondria probably
lost rather than never acquired
61
early problems of tree of life
- is rRNA the complete story | - archaeal type gene encoding an enzyme would appear in bacteria
62
where does horizontal gene transfer occur more often?
prokaryotes
63
96% of all landplants
live in association with fungi --> mycorrhiza
64
fungi can grow in very toxic conditions and can remove..
metals and radioisotopes from solution | --> even uranium
65
Paul nurse
used the fungus fission yeast to investigate cell cycle
66
one-third of all AIDS associated with
death
67
humans and fungi
-more of a threat to immuno-comprimised and less of a threat than bacteria and viruses
68
plants and fungi
greater treat than nematodes, bacteria and viruses
69
morphology gives..
5 kingdoms: bacteria, protists, plants, fungi and animals
70
molecular data gives
3 domains: bacteria, archaea, eucarya
71
fungi are more closely related to..
animals than plants
72
fungal taxonomy
``` Domain- Eukarya Kingdom- Fungi Phylum- mycota subphylum- mycotina Class- mycoses Order- ales family- aceae Genus.. print in italics Species.. print in italics ```
73
unicellular growth
yeast
74
filamentous growth
tip growth of filaments hyphae giving rise to mycelium
75
dimorphic fungi
Blostomyces, coccidioides, histoplasma, Paracoccidioides, sporothrix
76
what decided whether a dimorphic fungi will take the unicellular or filamentous form
if it is grown in vitro (25 degrees) or in vivo (37)
77
fungi absorb
externally digested nutrients (animals engulf/ plants photosynthesise)
78
how do fungi absorb nutrients for growth
secrete enzymes through wall, absorb soluble nutrients through wall
79
fungal wall is made up of
chitina and glucans
80
fungal membrane
ergosterol (in animals- cholesterol)
81
what are storage compounds in fungus
mannitol, trehalose and glycogen
82
nuclei in fungi
haploid
83
which group shows that fungi and animals are closely related
Opisthokonts
84
Opisthokonts
are a broad group of eukaryotes, including both the animal and fungus kingdoms
85
what does opisthokonts mean
means "posterior flagellum'. All true fungi, chytrids, microsporidia, collar-flagellated protists and kingdom animalia
86
where are fungi thought to have diverged from
water moulds- oomycetes
87
fungal evolution
1. fungi diverged from oomycetes 2. formed aseptate filaments 3. septa 4. clamp connections in basidiomycetes 5. asexual spores 6. asci- sexual spores 7. fruiting bodies 8. holobasidum 9. mushroom fungi
88
fungal phyla (6 or 7)
Chytridiomycota, Blastocladiomycota, Zygomycota, glomeromycota, ascomycota, basidiomycota, (microsporidia)
89
fungi and microsporidia are
closely related
90
microsporidia
obligate intracellular pathogens. infect animals and insects. smallest of all eukaryotes, unicellular spores.
91
how many microspordia species infect humans
14--> causing diarrhoea, eye, muscular, respiratory and genitourinary infections
92
microsporidia lack
mitochondria, peroxisomes, centrioles
93
which prokaryotic features does microsporidia have
70s ribosomes and sues 5.8s and 28s rRNA
94
fungal features of microsporidia
nuclear division, within an intact nuclear membrane, terhalose, chitin cell wall
95
6 main parts of the fungal kingdom
``` Chyridbiomycota Zygomycota Ascomycota Lichens Basidiomycota ```

Microbiology (25 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions