FUNGI

Question 1

Eukaryotic cells, which lack chlorophyll, so they cannot generate energy through photosynthesis.

Answer 1

Fungi

Question 2

Categories of fungi pathogenic to humans:

Answer 2

Yeast
Hyphae
Molds
Spores
Dimorphic fungi
Saprophytes

Question 3

Unicellular growth form of fungi. These cells can appear spherical to ellipsoidal.

Answer 3

Yeast

Question 4

When buds do not separate, they can form long chains of yeast cells, which called __________.

Answer 4

Pseudohyphae

Question 5

Threadlike, branching, cylindrical, tubules composed of fungal cells attached end to end. These grow by extending in length from the tips of the tubules.

Answer 5

Hyphae

Question 6

Multicellular colonies composed of clumps of intertwined branching hyphae. Grow by longitudinal extension and produce spores.

Answer 6

Molds aka Mycelia

Question 7

The reproducing bodies of molds. Rarely seen in skin scrapings.

Answer 7

Spores

Question 8

Fungi that can grow as either a yeast or mold, depending on environmental conditions and temperature (usually growing as yeast at body temperatures).

Answer 8

Dimorphic fungi

Question 9

Fungi that live in and utilize organic matter (soil, rotten vegetation) as an energy source.

Answer 9

Saprophytes

Question 10

Certain morphologic characteristic serve as virulence factors as well as targets to antifungal antibiotics.

Answer 10

Cell membrane
Cell wall
Capsule

Question 11

The bilayered cell membrane is the innermost layer around the fungal cytoplasm.

Answer 11

Cell membrane

Question 12

Antibiotics bind to ergosterol and punch holes in the fungal cell membrane.

Answer 12

Amphotericin B and Nystatin

Question 13

Inhibits ergosterol synthesis

Answer 13

Ketoconazole

Question 14

Surrounding the cell membrane, composed mostly of carbohydrate with some protein.

Answer 14

Cell wall

Question 15

This is polysaccharide coating that surrounds the cell wall.

Answer 15

Capsule

Question 16

The capsule can be visualized with the ______________.

Answer 16

India ink stain

Question 17

Extremely superficial fungus infections, whose primary manifestation is pigment change of the skin.

Answer 17

Pityriasis versicolor and Tinea nigra

Question 18

Multicolored

Answer 18

Pityriasis versicolor

Question 19

Black colored

Answer 19

Tinea nigra

Question 20

A chronic superficial fungal infection which leads to hypopigmented or hyperpigmented patches on the skin.

Answer 20

Pityriasis versicolor aka tinea versicolor

Question 21

A superficial fungal infection that causes dark brown to black painless patches on the soles of the hands and feet.

Answer 21

Tinea nigra

Question 22

Tinea nigra. This infection is caused by _________.

Answer 22

Exophiala werneckiii

Question 23

Infections of the skin, hair nail

Answer 23

Dermatophytosis

Question 24

Infection of the skin

Answer 24

Tinea Corpora (body)
Tinea Cruris (groin)
Tinea pedis (feet)

Question 25

Infection of the hair

Answer 25

Tinea capitis (scalp)

Question 26

Infection of the nail

Answer 26

Tinea unguium

Question 27

Cutaneous

Answer 27

Dermatophytosis | Candidiasis of the skin

Question 28

Subcutaneous

Answer 28

Sporotrichosis | Chromomycosis

Question 29

Systemic

Answer 29

``` Coccidioidomycosis Histoplasmosis Blastomycosis Cryptococcosis Systemic Candidiasis Aspergillosis ```

Question 30

Category of cutaneous fungal infections causes by more than 30 species fungi.

Answer 30

Dermatophytoses

Question 31

These fungi secrete an enzyme which digests keratin.

Answer 31

Keratinase

Question 32

Common dermatophytes

Answer 32

Microsporum Trichophyton Epidermophyton

Question 33

Following invasion of the horny layer of the skin, the fungi spread, forming a ring shaped with a red, raised border.

Answer 33

Tinea corporis

Question 34

This expanding raised red border represents areas of active inflammation with a healing center. It looks like a ring-shaped worm under the skin.

Answer 34

Ringworm

Question 35

Patients develop itchy red patches on the groin and scrotum.

Answer 35

Tinea cruris (jock itch)

Question 36

This infection commonly begins between the toes, and causes cracking and peeling of the skin. Infection requires warmth and moisture, so it only occurs in those wearing shoes.

Answer 36

Tinea pedis (athlete's foot)

Question 37

This condition primarily occurs in children. The infecting organisms grow in the hair and scalp, resulting in scaly red lesions with loss of hair. The infection appears as expanding ring.

Answer 37

Tinea capitis (scalp)

Question 38

The nails are thickened, discolored, and brittle.

Answer 38

Tinea unguium (onychomycosis)

Question 39

The first line drugs for the treatment of dermatophytosis.

Answer 39

Topical imidazoles

Question 40

Used with tinea capitis and tinea uguium.

Answer 40

Oral griseofulvin

Question 41

The last type of cutaneous fungal infection is caused by __________.

Answer 41

Candida albicans

Question 42

Can infect the mouth, groin and the vagina. Can also cause oppurtunistic systemic infections.

Answer 42

Candida albicans

Question 43

Gain entrance to the body following trauma to the skin. They usually remain localized to the subcutaneous tissue or spread along lymphatics to local nodes.

Answer 43

Subcutaneous Fungal Infections

Question 44

A dimorphic fungi commonly found in soil and on plants (rose thorns and splinters).

Answer 44

Sporothrix schenckii

Question 45

The disease, is an occupational hazard for gardeners.

Answer 45

Sporotrichosis

Question 46

Fungi that cause systemic disease in humans. All are dimorphic fungi.

Answer 46

Histoplasma capsulatum Blastomyces dermatides Coccidoides immitis

Question 47

Second most common opportunistic infection in AIDS patient who have resided in Arizona.

Answer 47

Coccidioides

Question 48

Plays a part in human infection.

Answer 48

Dimorphism

Question 49

3 fungi have 3 clinical presentations:

Answer 49

Asymptomatic Pneumonia Disseminated

Question 50

The majority of cases are asymptomatic or mild respiratory illness that go unreported.

Answer 50

Asymptomatic

Question 51

A mild pneumonia can develop with fever, cough, and chest x-ray infiltrates.

Answer 51

Pneumonia

Question 52

Rarely, the hematogenously spread fungi can actually cause disseminated disease, such as meningitis, bone lytic granulomas, skin granuloma, that breakdown into ulcers, and other organ lesions.

Answer 52

Disseminated

Question 53

Endemic to the vast areas that drain into the Mississippi River.

Answer 53

Histoplasma and Blastomyces

Question 54

Nonencapsulated despite its name. Presents its bird and bat droppings, so outbreaks of pneumonia occur when cleaning chicken coops or spelunking (cave exploring)

Answer 54

Histoplasma capsulatum

Question 55

Fungi are isolated from soil and rotten wood. The rarest systemic fungal infection. When it does cause infection, it is rarely asymptomatic or mild. Most cases present as chronic disseminated disease with weight loss, night sweats, lung involvement, and skin ulcers.

Answer 55

Blastomyces dermatitides

Question 56

Commonly causes a mild pneumonia in normal persons in the southwestern U.S. Common opportunistic infection in AIDS patients from that area.

Answer 56

Coccidioides immitis

Question 57

Polysaccharide encapsulated yeast similar to the previous 3 fungi in that it is inhaled into the lungs and the infection is usually asymptomatic.

Answer 57

Cryptococcus Neoformans

Question 58

Can also cause pneumonia, skin ulcers, and bone lesions like other systemic fungi.

Answer 58

Cryptococcus

Question 59

It is given out like CANDY to humanity: women with vaginitis, babies with diaper rash, AIDS patients, and the list goes on.

Answer 59

Candida Albicans

Question 60

In normal hosts (Candida Albicans):

Answer 60

Oral thrush Vaginitis Diaper rash

Question 61

Patches of creamy with a reddish base cover the mucous membranes of the mouth. These are difficult to scrape oft with a tongue blade.

Answer 61

Oral thrush

Question 62

More frequently when taking antibiotics, oral contraceptives, or during menses and pregnancy. The symptoms are vaginal itching and discharge.

Answer 62

Vaginitis

Question 63

Warm moist areas under diapers and in adults between skin folds can become red and macerated secondary to Candida invasion.

Answer 63

Diaper rash

Question 64

In immunocompromised patients (Candida Albicans):

Answer 64

Esophagitis | Disseminated

Question 65

Extension of thrush into the esophagus causes burning substernal pain worse with swallowing.

Answer 65

Esophagitis

Question 66

Can invade the blood stream and virtually every organ. When systemic can didiasis is suspected, the retina must be examined with the ophthalmoscope.

Answer 66

Disseminated

Question 67

Normal flora, it is often cultured from the urine, sputum and stool. These can represent contamination.

Answer 67

Candida

Question 68

The spores of Aspergillus are floating in the air everywhere. Some persons develop an asthma-type reaction to these spores.

Answer 68

Aspiration of Aspergillus

Question 69

Persons with lung cavitations from tuberculosis or malignancies can grow an aspergillus fungal ball in the cavity.

Answer 69

Aspergilloma

Question 70

Forms weakly gram positive, partially acid-fast beaded branching thin filaments.

Answer 70

Nocardia Asteroids

Question 71

Bacteria acting like fungi

Answer 71

Actinomycetes

Question 72

2 that cause human disease both which are gram positive rods.

Answer 72

Actinomyces | Nocardia

Question 73

Toxin produced by Aspergillus flavius

Answer 73

Aflatoxin

Question 74

Fungi that produced toxins tat cause liver damage and liver cancer.

Answer 74

Mycotoxins

Question 75

Treatment of Actinomyces and Nocardia is a SNAP:

Answer 75

Sulfa for Nocardia Actinomyces give Penicillin