Mycobacterium

Question 1

Mycobacteria include 2 species that almost every one has heard of:

Answer 1

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis

Mycobacterium Leprae

Question 2

Causes tuberculosis

Answer 2

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis

Question 3

Causes leprosy

Answer 3

Mycobacterium Leprae

Question 4

These organism are thin rods with lipid-laden cell walls.

Answer 4

Mycobacteria

Question 5

Only Mycobacteria and Nocardia are _______.

Answer 5

Acid-fast

Question 6

An obligate aerobe, which makes sense as it most commonly infects the lungs, where oxygen is abundant.

Answer 6

Acid-fast bacillus

Question 7

Mycobacterium tuberculosis grows very slowly, taking up to ______ for visible growth.

Answer 7

6 weeks

Question 8

There is one class of lipid that only acid-fast organisms have and that is involved in mycobacterial virulence-mycosides. The terminology is as follows:

Answer 8

Mycolic acid
Mycoside
Cord factor
Sulfatides
Wax D

Question 9

A large fatty acid. The chemical structure of mycolic acid, which is a large fatty acid.

Answer 9

Mycolic acid

Question 10

A mycolic acid bound to a carbohydrate, forming a glycolipid.

Answer 10

Mycoside

Question 11

A mycoside formed by the union of 3 mycolic acids with a disaccharide.

Answer 11

Cord factor

Question 12

Cord factor mycoside is only found in virulent strains of _______________.

Answer 12

Mycobaterium tuberculosis

Question 13

Mycosides that resemble cord factor with sulfates attached to the disaccharide. They inhibit the phagosome from fusing with the lysosome that contains bacteriocidal enzymes.

Answer 13

Sulfatides

Question 14

A complicated mycosides that acts as an adjuvant ( enhances antibody formation to an antigen) and may be the part of Mycobacterium tuberculosis that activates the protective cellular immune system.

Answer 14

Wax D

Question 15

Affects the lung but can also cause disease in almost any other tissue.

Answer 15

Mycobaterium tuberculosis

Question 16

It spreads and damages the body depends on the host’s immune response. The organism and the immune system interact as follows:

Answer 16

Facultative intracellular growth

Cell-mediated immunity

Question 17

Mycobacterium Test

Answer 17

PPD skin test

Question 18

Some of the macrophages succeed in phagocytosing and breaking up the invading bacteria.
These macrophages then run toward a local lymph node and present parts of the bacteria to T- helper cells.

Answer 18

Cell-mediated immunity

Question 19

Intradermal injection of antigenic protein particles from killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Answer 19

PPD (Purified Protein Derivative)

Question 20

The test is positive at 5 mm of induration in patients who are immunocompromised, such as those with aids.

Answer 20

PPD SKIN TEST

Question 21

First exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis called _______ and usually is a subclinical (asymptomatic) lung infection.

Answer 21

Primary Tuberculosis

Question 22

These defeated bacteria lie dormant but can later rise up and cause disease. This second infection is called _________.

Answer 22

Secondary or reactivation tuberculosis

Question 23

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is usually transmitted.

Answer 23

Aerosolized Droplet Nuclei

Question 24

Tuberculosis is a confusing disease because so many different things can happen. As cell mediated immunity develops.

Answer 24

1. The infection can be contained so that the patient will not even realize he was infected.
2. It can become a symptomatic disease.

Question 25

This vaccine is debatably effective in preventing tuberculosis but it causes a positive PPD.

Answer 25

BCG ( Bacilus Calmette-Guerin)

Question 26

A calcified tubercle in the middle or lower lung zone.

Answer 26

Ghon focus

Question 27

A ghon focus accompanied by perihilar lymph node calcified granulomas.

Answer 27

Ghon or Ranke, complex.

Question 28

In the lungs the caseous material eventually liquifies, is extruded out the bronchi, and leaves behind cavitary lesions, shown here with fluid in the cavities called ____________.

Answer 28

Cavitary lesions with air- fluid levels

Question 29

Most adult cases of tuberculosis occur after the bacteria have been dormant for some time.

Answer 29

Reactivation or secondary tuberculosis

Question 30

Common site of reactivation tuberculosis. The infection usually occurs in the apical areas of the lung around the clavicles.

Answer 30

Pulmonary tuberculosis

Question 31

Infection in these spaces result in infected fluid collections around the lung or heart respectively.

Answer 31

Pleural and pericardial infection

Question 32

The most common extrapulmonary manifestation of tuberculosis. The cervical lymph nodes are usually involved.

Answer 32

Lymph node infection

Question 33

Become swollen, mat together, and drain, lymph node tuberculosis.

Answer 33

Scrofula

Question 34

Patients will have red and white blood cells in the urine, but no bacteria are seen by Gram stain or grow in culture.

Answer 34

Kidney

Question 35

Mycobacterium tuberculosis takes weeks to grow in culture and are acid-fast

Answer 35

Sterile pyuria

Question 36

This usually involves the thoracic and lumbar spine, destroying the intervertebral discs and then the adjacent vertebral bodies. (Pott's disease)

Answer 36

Skeletal

Question 37

There is usually a chronic arthritis of 1 joint.

Answer 37

Joint

Question 38

Tuberculosis cause subacute meningitis and forms granulomas in the brain.

Answer 38

Central Nervous System

Question 39

Tiny millet-seed-sized tubercles are disseminated all over the body like a shotgun blast. The kidneys, liver, lungs, and other organs are riddled with the tubercles.

Answer 39

Miliary tuberculosis

Question 40

Diagnosis

Answer 40

PPD skin test Chest x-ray Sputum acid-fast stain and culture

Question 41

This screening test indicates an exposure sometime in the past.

Answer 41

PPD skin test

Question 42

You may pick up an isolated granuloma, Ghon focus, Ghon complex, old scarring in the upper lobes, or active tuberculosis and active tuberculosis pneumonia.

Answer 42

Chest x-ray

Question 43

When the acid-fast stain or culture are positive, this indicates an active pulmonary infection.

Answer 43

Sputum acid-fast stain and culture

Question 44

A large group of mycobacteria live in water and soil mostly in the southern US.

Answer 44

A typical mycobacteria

Question 45

Mycobacterium ovium aka __________ intracellular usually infects birds (ovium) and other animals.

Answer 45

Mycobacterium ovium complex

Question 46

Mycobacterium leprae also known as

Answer 46

Hansen's Disease

Question 47

An acid fast rod. It is impossible to grow this bacterium or artificial media; it has only been in the footpads of mice, in armadillos and in monkeys.

Answer 47

Mycobacterium leprae

Question 48

Clinical manifestation of leprosy are dependent on 2 phenomena:

Answer 48

1. The bacteria appear to grow better in cooler body temperatures closer to the skin surface . 2. The severity of the disease is dependent on the host's cell-mediated immune response to the bacilli.

Question 49

Leprosy involves the cooler areas in the body. It damages the:

Answer 49

Skin ( sparing warm areas such as the armpit, groin, and perineum), the superficial nerves, eyes, nose, and testes.

Question 50

Leprosy is broken up into five subdivision based on the level of cell-mediated immunity:

Answer 50

``` Lepromatous Leprosy Tuberculoid Leprosy Borderline Lepromatous Borderline Borderline tuberculoid ```

Question 50

Leprosy is broken up into five subdivision based on the level of cell-mediated immunity:

Answer 50

``` Lepromatous Leprosy Tuberculoid Leprosy Borderline Lepromatous Borderline Borderline tuberculoid ```

Question 51

This is the severest form of leprosy because patients can NOT mount a cell mediated immune response to Mycobacterium leprae.

Answer 51

Lepromatous Leprosy

Question 52

Can mount a cell-mediated defense against the bacteria, thus containing the skin damage so that it is not excessive.

Answer 52

Tuberculoid Leprosy

Question 53

This test is similar to PPD used in tuberculosis. It measures the ability of the host to mount a delayed hypersensitivity reaction against antigens reaction against antigens of Mycobacterium Leprae.

Answer 53

Lepromin skin

Question 54

Tiniest free-living organisms capable of self replication. They are smaller than some of the larger viruses. Mycoplasmataceae are unique bacteria because they lack a peptidoglycan.

Answer 54

Mycoplasmataceae

Question 55

Two Pathogenic Species of Mycoplasmaceae

Answer 55

Mycoplasma pnuemoniae | Ureaplasma urealyticum

Question 56

Causes a mild, self limited bronchitis and pneumonia.

Answer 56

Mycoplasma Pneumoniae

Question 57

Diagnostic tests include: (MYCOPLASM)

Answer 57

Cold agglutinins Complement fixation test Sputum Culture Mycoplasma DNA probe

Question 58

Certain present on human blood cells are identical to antigens of the Mycoplasma pneumoniae membrane glycolipids.

Answer 58

Cold Agglutinins

Question 59

A fourfold rise in antibody titer between acute and convalescent samples is diagnostic of a recent infection.

Answer 59

Complement fixation test

Question 60

These media must be rich in cholesterol and contain nucleic acids (purines and pyrimidines). Tiny domed shape colony of Mycoplasma will assume a 'fried egg'

Answer 60

Sputum Culture

Question 61

Sputum samples are mixed with a labeled recombinant DNA sequence homologous to that of the mycoplasma

Answer 61

Mycoplasma DNA Probe

Question 62

Identified by its ability to metebolize urea into ammonia and carbon.

Answer 62

Ureaplsma Urealyticum (T-strain mycoplasma)

Question 63

Characterized by burning on urination

Answer 63

Urethritis

Question 64

2 bacterias that cause urethritis:

Answer 64

Neisseria Gonorrhoeae | Chlamydia Trachomatis

Question 65

Chronic skin ulcers with necrotic centers

Answer 65

Mycobacterium Ulcerens

Question 66

Pulmonary Tuberculosis

Answer 66

Mycobacterium Kansasii

Question 67

Skin granulomas (called swimming pool or fish tank granulomas) which occur at the site of abrasions.

Answer 67

Mycobacterium Marinum

Question 68

Cervical lymphadenitis (primarily in children) called scrofula.

Answer 68

Mycobacterium Scrofulaceum