Fungi

Question 1

Fungi located in the Ohio-Mississippi river valley that produces calcifications and caseating granulomas, also causes pneumonia like symptoms; Dimorphic

Answer 1

Histoplasmosis

Question 2

Fungi located in the central and southeastern United states that produces calcifications and suppurlative caseating granulomas; acquired by inhaling soil and rotten wood; broad based budding yeast; most commonly disseminates

Answer 2

Blastomycosis

Question 3

Fungi located in the southwestern united states that produces calcifications and superlative caseating granulomas; Appears as spherules on microscopy; non-budding

Answer 3

Coccidioidomycosis

Question 4

Most common fungi to affect the oral cavity

Answer 4

Candida albicans

Question 5

Fungi-like bacteria

Answer 5

Actinomyces and Nocardia

Question 6

What are the two growth forms fungi exist in?

Answer 6

1) Yeast

2) Mold (Hyphae septate or non-septate)

Question 7

What molecule is important in the cell membranes of fungi?

Answer 7

1) Ergosterol

Question 8

What is the target of drugs against fungi?

Answer 8

1) Ergosterol

Question 9

Fungi that presents as subcutaneous nodules that occur due to trauma (rose thorn prick); secondary ndoules form along the lymphatic tract draining primary infection

Answer 9

Sporothrix schenckii

Question 10

Subcutaneous nodule caused by a rose thorn prick

Answer 10

Sporothrix schenckii

Question 11

Fungi that attack systemically; inhale spores from bird droppings; macrophates phagocytize spores and carry systemically; results in granulomas; common in Mississippi/Ohio river valley

Answer 11

Histoplasma capsulatum

Question 12

What occurs when Histoplasma capsulatum are located within the macrophages?

Answer 12

1) They replicate as budding yeast

Question 13

Chicken farmer presents from the Ohio River valley with pneumonia like symptoms, Granulomas appear with small calcium deposits on x-ray; after tissue biopsy yeast was found within macrophages

Answer 13

Histoplasma capsulatum

Question 14

Fungi that resides in the soil as arthrospores, once inhaled become spherules and then infective endospores; may result in granulomas throughout the body

Answer 14

Coccidioides immitis

Question 15

Spherules continaing endospores

Answer 15

Coccidioides

Question 16

Old man visits Death valley. Upon returning from visit he has arthalgia, periarticular swellings, and erythema nodosum. Xray reveals granulomas in lungs

Answer 16

Coccidioides immitis

Question 17

Fungi that when haled stimulates an IgE response? What is the name of this response?

Answer 17

1) Aspergillus fumigatus

2) Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis

Question 18

What is the result of an Aspergillus infection if there was previous history of TB

Answer 18

1) Aspergillus grow within the cavity

2) Formation of an aspergilloma

Question 19

What occurs in an immunocompromised pt. who gets Aspergillus?

Answer 19

1) Aspergillus will enter the lung and invade the tissue

2) Occludes blood vessels and causes pulmonary infarction

Question 20

What molecule is released by Aspergillus that is believed to be carcinogenic to the liver?

Answer 20

Alfatoxin

Question 21

Tinea cruces

Answer 21

Jock itch

Question 22

Yeast found in pigeon droppings that is inhaled and becomes pneumonia, may spread hematogenously causing meningitis; prevalent in immunosuppresed pt

Answer 22

Cryptococcus neoformans

Question 23

What are the four opportunistic fungi?

Answer 23

1) pneumocystis jirovecii
2) Candida albicans
3) Cryptococcus neoformans
4) aspergillus fumigatus

Question 24

Bird keeper presents with headache and stiff neck. Ct shows ring like lesions in brain and lumbar puncture reveals increased CSF pressure and encapsulated yeast

Answer 24

Cryptococcus neoformans

Question 25

Systemic granulomas caused by inhaled fungal spore which become yeast; common In southeastern u.s.a

Answer 25

Blastomycesdermatitidis

Question 26

Rarest yet most severe form of systemic fungal disease

Answer 26

Blastomyces dermatitidis

Question 27

What fungi cause a systemic mycoses

Answer 27

1) blastomyces dermatitidis 2) coccidiosis 3) histoplasmosis

Question 28

What does Candida albicans cause in a normal host? In an immunocompromised host?

Answer 28

1) oral thrush and vaginitis | 2) esophagitis and systemic infection

Question 29

How do amphotericin B and nystatin work? (Polyenes)

Answer 29

1) Work by binding to ergosterol and creating pores

Question 30

How to the triazoles work to destroy fungi?

Answer 30

1) Work by inhibiting ergosterol synthesis

Question 31

How do caspofungin and micafungin work?

Answer 31

1) Work by inhbiting glucan synthesis

Question 32

Fungi that have cysts (containing dark oval bodies) inhaled in childhood, asymptomatic pneumonia; latent infection in lungs in immunocompromised; silver stain

Answer 32

Pneumocystis jirovecii

Question 33

Treatment Pneumocystis jiroveciii

Answer 33

Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole

Question 34

MOA of Caspofungin

Answer 34

1) Blocks glucan synthesis | 2) Effective against Candida and Aspergillus

Question 35

MOA of Amphotercin B

Answer 35

Binds to ergosterol and causes pore formation

Question 36

MOA of azoles

Answer 36

Inhbition of ergosterol synthesis

Question 37

Adverse effect of amphothercin B

Answer 37

Nephrotoxic

Question 38

"Germ tubes" at 37 C; yeast at other temps

Answer 38

Candida albicans

Question 39

When does Candida cause vaginitis occur most frequently?

Answer 39

1) When flora is decreased (decreased gram pos. bacteria) | 2) Immunosuppresion

Question 40

Treatment for Candida vaginitis

Answer 40

Fluconazole

Question 41

Transparent capsules observed on india ink stain

Answer 41

Cryptococcus neoformans

Question 42

Pt. with a history of immunocompromised state comes in complaining of headache, fever, lethargy; CSF has increased protein and decreased glucose; india ink stain shows transparent capsules

Answer 42

Cryptococcus neoformans

Question 43

Budding yeast with thick capsule

Answer 43

Cryptococcus neoformans

Question 44

Ovoid cells within macrophages

Answer 44

Histoplasmosis capsulatum

Question 45

Mucicarmine

Answer 45

Cryptococcus neofromans