General Micro Flashcards
(85 cards)
1
Q
Bacteria that are the cause of neonate meningits
A
- Group B Streptococcus agalactiae
- L. monocytogenes
- E. coli
2
Q
Bacteria that cause menigitis at 6 mos
A
- Nesseria meniginitidis
2. H. influenzae type B
3
Q
CSF that is positive for increased protein, PMNs, increased pressure, and decreased glucose
A
Bacterial infection
4
Q
CSF that is normal/increased proteins, lymphocytes, nrml pressure, and nrml glucose
A
Viral infection
5
Q
CSF that is increased in proteins, lymphocytes, increased pressure, and increased glucose
A
Fungal (C. neoformans)
6
Q
Cause of Rheumatic fever
A
Group A beta hemolytic streptococcus pyogenes
7
Q
How do you differentiate between Strep and Staph
A
Staph = + catalase Strep = - catalase
8
Q
Endocarditis associated with IV drug use
A
Staph aureus (often tricuspid valve)
9
Q
Endocarditis associated with prosthetic valve
A
Staph epidermidis
10
Q
Pleomorhic Gram negative that causes both pneumonia and meningitis in children (>6 months old); also conjunctivitis and otitis media
A
H. influenzae
11
Q
Virulence Factors of H. influenzae
A
Capsule
Pili
Anit-IgA protease
12
Q
Diseases caused by Streptococcus pneumonia
A
Pneumonia (brown sputum/localized)
Adult meningitis
Otitis media
13
Q
Most common bacterial cause of exacerbation of COPD; 2nd most common?
A
H. influenzae; Moraxella catarrhalis
14
Q
Most common causes of otitis media (3 bacteria)
A
Streptococcus pneumonia, Moraxella catarrhalis, Haemophilus influenzae
15
Q
Virulent factors of Staphylococcus aureus
A
Protein A- binds to IgG Fc region Exotoxins (exofoliatin - scaled skin syndrome, TSST-1) Hemolysin Leukocidins Penicillin binding protein
16
Q
Pneumonia (thick, gelatinous sputum) most common in alcoholics
A
Klebsiella pneumoniae
17
Q
Diseases Caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa
A
BE PSEUDO Burn wound infections Endocarditis Pneumonia assoc. with CF pt. External otitis Urinary tract infections Diabetic osteomyelitis
18
Q
What can be diagnosed by cold agglutinins?
A
Mycoplasma pneumona
19
Q
Name the two fungi like bacteria
A
Nocardia and Actinomycetes
20
Q
What presents with pt. exposed to Candida albicans that are immune normal
A
oral thrush, vaginitis, and diaper rash
21
Q
What presents with pt. exposed to Candida albicans that are immunocompromised
A
Disseminations, esophagitis, and the features seen in normal hosts
22
Q
Anaerobic Gram positive rod normal flora that is fungal like with a beaded, filamentous appearance and sulfur granule findings
A
Actinomycetes israelii
23
Q
Treatment for Nocardia? Actinomyces?
A
SNAP
Sulfa (bactrim) = nocardia
Actinomycetes = Penicillin
24
Q
Fungi that appear as pseudohyphae
A
Candida albicans
25
Gram positive rod that is not a normal flora. Acid fast
Nocardia aasteroides
26
What does H1N1 pertain to?
H1N1 refers to the type A influenzae virus which has two proteins that give it its variability. H= hemagglutinin and N = neuraminidase
27
What is the cause of fever of unknown origin?
Myobacterium avium-intracellulare
28
Facultative intracellular organisms
```
Listen Sall Yer Friend Bruce Must Leave
Listeria
Salmonella
Yersinia
Francisella
Brucella
Myobacterium
Legionella
```
29
Obligate intracellular organsisms
Chlamydia and Ricketssia
30
What is the cause of a gelatinous sputum? Why?
Klebsiella. Klebsiella has a capsule that is very gelationous
31
Beta hemolysis findings; Alpha hemolysis findings
```
beta = clear
alpha = green
```
32
What is a Quellung reaction? What is used to identify?
Quellung reaction is the use of antibodies that identify antigenic capsule of Strep. pnuemo. Findings show swelling of the bacterial capsule
33
What type of streptococcus is optichin negative?
Streptococcus viridans
34
Organism that lack a cell wall and cause an atypical community acquired pneumonia
Mycoplasma pneumonia
35
Found in pt. with less than 50 CD4 count
CMV and Myobacterium avium complex
36
Found in pt. with a 50-200 CD4 count
Pneumocystis jiroveci
37
Acid fast bacteria that is a facultative intracellular ogranism
Myobacterium tuberculosis
38
Where is the first place that systemic miliary tuberculosis occurs?
Adrenals causing Addison's disease
39
What is a Ghon complex and at what point of TB is it found?
A Ghon complex consists of a caseated granuloma and lymphadenopathy of a hilar lymph node; It is generally found in primary tuberculosis
40
What occurs in secondary tuberculosis
Secondary tuberculosis occurs by reactivation or re-exposure to M. tuberculosis. Generally there is already a heightened response to the microorganism so granulmas form and cavitate. These cavitations can also erode
41
India ink
Cryptococcus neoformans
42
Silver stain
Legionella pneumophelia and Heliobacter
43
Bacteria that have capsules
think: SHiNE SKiS
1) Streptococcus pneumoniae
2) Haemophilus influenzae
3) Neisseria meningitidis
4) E. coli
5) Salmonella
6) Klebsiella pneumoniae
7) Streptococcus agalactae
44
How do capsules work as a virulence factor?
Block phagocytosis
45
Catalase positive bacteria
think: PLACESS for your cats
1) Pseudomonas
2) Listeria
3) Aspergillus
4) Candida
5) E. coli
6) Staphylococcus
7) Serratia
46
Bacteria with IgA proteases
think: SHiN
1) Streptococcus pneumonaie
2) H. influenzae
3) Neisseria meningitidis
47
What causes Palm and sole rashes?
think: CARS
1) Coxsackie A virus
2) Ricketsia ricketii
3) Syphilis (trepenoma pallidum)
48
What bacteria have toxins that increase the level of cAMP
think: cAMP
1) cholera (Vibrio cholera)
2) Anthrax -Edematous factor (Bacilus anthracis)
3) Montezuma's revenge (ETEC)
4) Pertusis (Bordetella pertusis)
49
Name the viral class for each of the following hepatitis viruses:
1) HAV
2) HBV
3) HCV
4) HDV
5) HEV
1) Picorno (+ssRNA) - acute, asymptomatic, passed fecal/oral
2) Hepadna (dsDNA) - chronic, passed parenterally
3) Flavi (+ssRNA) - chronic, passed parenterally
4) Delta virus (RNA) - defective without HBV, passed parenterally
5) Hepe virus (RNA) - passed fecal oral
50
Causes of bloody diarrhea?
1) EHEC
2) Shigella
3) Yersenia enterocolitica
4) Clostridium difficile (pseudomembranous)
5) EIEC
6) Salmonella entoritis
7) Entomeba histolytica
8) Campylobacter
51
Causes of watery diarrhea?
1) ETEC
2) Bacillus cereus
3) Vibrio cholerae
4) Giardia lambia
5) Cryptosporidium
6) Norovirus (calci +ssRNA)
7) Rotavirus (reo dsRNA)
52
Bacteria that appear like an appendicitis?
1) Yersinia enterolitica
2) Campylobacter jejuni
3) Salmonella enteroritis
53
Osteomyeltits is most likely caused by _______ when:
1) No history
2) Sexually active
3) Diabetes/IV drugs
4) Sickle cell
5) Prosthetic replacement
6) Vertebral disease
7) Cat/dog bites or scratches
1) Staphylococcus aurues
2) Nesseria gonorrhea
3) Pseudomonas
4) Salmonella
5) Staphylococcus epidermidis
6) Myobacterium tuberculosis
7) Pasteurella multocida
54
What are the ToRCHeS infections?
1) Toxoplasmosis
2) Rubella
3) CMV
4) HIV
5) Herpes simplex virus-2
6) Syphilis
55
Neonate with Choriortinitis, hydrocephalus, and intracranial calcifications in a new born
Toxoplasmosis gondii
56
Neonate with PDA/pulmonary artery hypoplasia, cataracts, and deafness; may have blueberry muffin rash
Rubella
57
Neonate with Hearing loss, seizures, petechial rash
CMV
58
Neonate with encephalitis, herpetic lesions
HSV-2
59
Nenoate with notched teeth, saddle nose, short maxilla, saber shins, and deafness
Syphilis
60
Proteins of Influenza A
1) Neuramindase - binds to mucin
| 2) Hemagglutinin - binds to sialic acid on rbcs
61
DNA viruses
think: HHAPPPy
1) Herpes
2) Hepadna
3) Adeno
4) Papova
5) Parvo
6) Pox
62
Positive stranded RNA virus
think: Calcified emporor pico is wearing a corona and toga eating flavorful grapes in a retro bowl
1) Calici
2) Picorna
3) Corona
4) Toga
5) Flavi
6) Retro
63
Negative stranded RNA virus
think: Old Pete's rhabid dog filo fights paul bunyan in the arena
1) Orthomyxo
2) Paramyxo
3) Rhabdo
4) Filo
5) Bunya
6) Arena
64
DS RNA virus
Reoviridae
65
Viruses that cause the common cold
1) Rhinovirus and coronaviridae
66
Cause of common cold in babies
Respiratory syncitial virus (paramyxo virus)
67
Associated with oral herpes simplex virus; also infects the eyes; transmitted via saliva
HSV-1
68
Associated with genital herpes simplex virus; Positive Tzanck smear; multi-nucleate giant cells with intranuclear inclusions bodies; has the ability to cross the placenta
HSV-2
69
What type of ulcers are present in a Herpes Simplex infection?
Shallow, painful ulcerations
70
Paramyoxo virus that cause a disease that manifests with red based lesions with blue/white centers in the mouth along with rashes
Rubeola virus (measles)
71
Virus that causes Kaposi Sarcoma
HHV-8
72
What will you almost always see in histology with an HPV infection?
Koilocytic change
73
Most common cause of aseptic meningitis?
Enteroviruses (RNA virus)
1) Coxsackievirus
2) Echovirus
3) Poliovirus
74
Pt. from Pakistan complains of difficulty walking. Had headache, fever, and feeling weak for 2-3 days. Weakness in right leg and decreased DTRs on right. Lumbar puncture shows viral RNA from CSF. No Hx of vaccinations. What should you think?
Poliovirus
75
How are enteroviruses (coxsackievirus, echovirus, and poliovirus) transmitted?
Fecal-oral route
76
How does poliovirus affect the body?
1) Attacks the anterior horns of the spinal cord resulting in loss of lower motor function
2) Can also cause meningitis
77
Exchange of genes between 2 chromosomes by crossing over within regions of significant base sequence homology
Recombination
78
When viruses with segmented genomes exchange segments. What is this commonly observed in?
1) Reassortment
| 2) Influenza virus
79
What type of vaccine induces both humoral and cell mediate immunity? just humoral?
1) Live attenuated
| 2) Killed
80
Killed viruses
think: RIP Always
1) Rabies
2) Influenza
3) Polio (salk)
4) HAV
81
Where do DNA viruses replicate? Where do RNA viruses replicate?
1) Nucleus (except poxvirus)
| 2) Cytoplasm (except influenza and retrovirus)
82
Naked viruses
think: give PAPP smears and CPR to a naked person
1) Papillomavirus (dsDNA)
2) Adenovirus (dsDNA)
3) Picornavirus (pos. ssRNA)
4) Calcivirus (pos. ssRNA)
5) Parvovirus (dsDNA)
6) Reovirus (dsRNA)
83
What DNA virus is not iscosahedral?
1) Pox
84
Uptake of naked DNA by a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell; or as viral DNA being incorporated into host cell
Transformation
85
Inhibition by one virus of the replication and/or release of a second virus in the same cell
Interference
