Fungi

Question 1

Fungi

Answer 1

• eukaryotic cells similar to our own
• aerobic environment
• lack chlorophyll

Question 2

Yeast

Answer 2

• reproduce by budding

- unicellular

Question 3

Hyphae

Answer 3

-actual fungal growth

Question 4

Molds

Answer 4

• clumps of hyphae intertwined

- produce spores which are reproductive

Question 5

Dimorphic Fungi

Answer 5

• can grow as either YEAST or MOLD (depending on the environment)
• yeast: body temp

Question 6

Cell Membrane

Answer 6

-innermost layer

Question 7

Cell Wall

Answer 7

• surrounds the cell membrane

- antigen to humans

Question 8

Capsule

Answer 8

-polysaccharide coating

Question 9

Categorization

Answer 9

1) Superficial
2) Cutaneous
3) Subcutaneous

Question 10

Cutaneous

Answer 10

skin, hair, nails

Question 11

Subcutaenous

Answer 11

• through skin trauma

- normal soil inhabitants and low virulence

Question 12

Systemic

Answer 12

• dimorphic

- inhaled spores

Question 13

Parasites

Answer 13

• eukaryotic
• single cell
• complex life cycle
• requires hosts
• ingests food via cytostome (mouth)
• motile: trophozoite

Question 14

Malaria (phases)

Answer 14

• sexual phase: mosquito

- asexual phase: humans

Question 15

<i>Plasmodium </i>

Answer 15

infected by mosquito

Question 16

Schizont

Answer 16

protozoan trophozoite which reproduces by schizogony

Question 17

gametocyte

Answer 17

cell that is capable of dividing to produce gametes (germ cell)

Question 18

Trophozoite

Answer 18

vegetative asexual form

Question 19

Oocyst

Answer 19

fertilized gametocyte

Question 20

Malaria (symptoms)

Answer 20

• hot, cold, wet
• fever –> vasodilation –> hypotension –> dec blood flow to vital organs –> hypoxia, lactic acidosis, hypoglycemia
• elevated cytokine levels
• thrombocytopenia and nepthritis

Question 21

Toxoplasmosis (symptoms, types)

Answer 21

• asymptomatic
• congenital: abortion, stillbirth, microcephaly, hydrocephaly, psychomotor retardation
• normal host: fever, lymphadenopathy
• immunocompromised: severe dx, encephalitis

Question 22

Toxoplasmosis (prevention)

Answer 22

pregnant women and immunocompromised: wash hands and avoid cat feces

Question 23

Amebiasis

Answer 23

• found in areas with low sanitation levels
• traveler’s diarrhea
• mucosal ulceration (with blood)

Question 24

Giardiasis

Answer 24

-acute diarrhea (profuse and watery)
-greasy, malodorous stools
-reservoirs for infection
-fecal contamination with food
Diagnosis: stool studies

Question 25

Cryptosporidium

Answer 25

-fecal-oral -explosive, profuse, watery diarrhea -1-3% of immunocompetent patients with diarrhea Diagnosis: stool studies

Question 26

Nematodes (round worms)

Answer 26

- ingestions of eggs - Trichuris Triciura (whipworm) - Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm) - larvae penetrating through the skin (hookworm)

Question 27

Trichuris Trichiura (whipworm)

Answer 27

spread by children or workers in fields

Question 28

Trichuriasis

Answer 28

local ulceration --> entry for bacteria to get into bloodstream diagnosis: stools

Question 29

Enterobius Vermicularis

Answer 29

- pinworm - female transits anus at night, deposits eggs - more common in young - pain worse at night: scratching, excoriation, secondary bacterial infection, vaginitis

Question 30

Hookworm

Answer 30

- penetrates the skin | - larvae requires hot, moist conditions

Question 31

Schistosoma (hookworm)

Answer 31

- inhabit the portal vascular system | - hepatomegaly, progressing to anorexia, weight loss, and portal hypertension, urinary schistosomiasis

Question 32

Hymenolepsis nana (dwarf tapeworm)

Answer 32

-mostly in children (rare in US)

Question 33

Diphyllobothrium Latum (fish tapeworm)

Answer 33

- in water - due to ingestion of inadequately cooked crustacean and fish - vitamin B12 deficiency