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Pathology > Fungi and Protozoa > Flashcards

Fungi and Protozoa Flashcards

1
Q

how are fungi classified clinically (3)

A
  1. moulds
  2. yeasts
  3. dermatophytes
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2
Q

what are the sources of fungal infection (3)

A
  1. animal - zoophilic
  2. soil - geophilic
  3. human - anthropophilic

dermatophytes may originate from any of these sources

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3
Q

are fungi eukaryotic or prokaryotic

A

eukaryotic - they have organelles and a cell wall

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4
Q

fungi are major decomposers of what

A

organic mattter e.g., cellulose

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5
Q

what commercial products may come from fungi (9)

A
  1. ethanol
  2. organic acids
  3. enzymes
  4. antibiotics
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6
Q

fungi may generate potent toxins athat affect human and animal health e.g., aflatoxins - where are they found (3)

A
  1. agricultural crops e.g., corn, peanuts
  2. moulds such as aspergillus
  3. associated with liver cancer

fungi can be significant in morbidity

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7
Q

how do fungi obtain food

A
  • by absorption
  • they secrete hydrolytic enzymes to break down complex organic molecules into simple ones that can be absorbed
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8
Q

fungal cells have an addition structure to human cells - what is it

A

a rigid cell wall containing polysaccharides such as chitin and glucan

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9
Q

the plasma membrane is different in fungi; what is the primary component

A

ergosterol; its function is to modulate membrane fluidity and initiate growth

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10
Q

what diseases are associated with spore inhalation (5)

A
  1. toxic pneumonitis
  2. hypersensitivity pneumonitis
  3. tremors
  4. chronic fatique syndrome
  5. kidney faiture and cancer
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11
Q

fungi can produce secondary metabolites (3), what can they be

A
  1. antibiotics
  2. potent toxins
  3. flavour or odour
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12
Q

if fungal spores are inhaled from decomposing organic matter, they may grow in the air sac of the lungs; what is this called

A

aspergilloma

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13
Q

how does penicillin work

A

it prevents the cross-linking of small prptide chains in peptidoglycan, the main wall polymer of bacteria; pre-existing cell are not affected, but new cells grow abnormally

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14
Q

what are the 3 divisions of disease caused by fungi

A
  1. allergies - sensitivity to fungal proteins
  2. toxicity - contaminated food or poisonous mushrooms
  3. fungal infections - invasion of living tissue
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15
Q

mycoses can be divided into 4 groups based on the tissue or body site invaded:

A
  1. superficial
  2. cutaneous
  3. subcutaneous
  4. systemic
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16
Q

dermatophytes belong to 1 of 3 Geni

A
  1. tricophyton
  2. epidermophyton
  3. microsporum
17
Q

what are common types of dermatophytes (5)

A
  1. epidermophyton floccosum
  2. tricophyton rubrum
  3. tricophyton interdigitale
  4. trichophyton tonsurans
  5. epidermophyton metagrophites
18
Q

where does candida infect

A

they are normal inhabitants of the mucous membranes;
candida albicans can cause symptoms if it allowed to overgrow

19
Q

how would a fungal infection be diagnosed

A
  • microscopy and culture
  • fungal skin scraping or nail sample
20
Q

what are protozoans (5)

A
  1. single celled
  2. eukaryotic, non filamentous
  3. live in most habitats
  4. may be parasitic
  5. mobile
21
Q

the 4 groups of protozoa infection to humans are:

A
  1. sarcodina
  2. mastigophora
  3. ciliophora
  4. sporozoa
22
Q

what happens when protozoa cause malaria (4)

A
  1. may be a dormant hepatic phase - relapsing months to years later
  2. hepatocytes rupter, plasmodia can attach to RBC
  3. RBC’s rupture, causing chills, fever and rigors
  4. can be fatal
23
Q

which types of malaria parasites infect humans (4)

A
  1. plasmodium falciparum
  2. plasmodium virax
  3. plasmodium ovale
  4. plasmodium malariae
24
Q

what is the pathology of plasmodium virax

A
  • invades immature RBC and requires 2 hosts
    1. mosquito for sexual reproduction
    2. human/animal for asexual reproduction
  • asexual reproduction is in the liver - 8-25 days
  • incubation 10-17 days
  • chronic infection may lead to brain, kidney or liver damage

Pathology (10 decks)

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