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Pathology > Neoplasia > Flashcards

Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

what is total failure of the development of an organ or tissue

A

aplasia

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2
Q

what is a cell mutation

A

a change in the gentic make-up (genotype) of a cell:
* heritable (gametes)
* somatic

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3
Q

what conditions can cause mutations in a cell

A
  1. spontaneous
  2. chemicals/radiation
    most impair cell survival and result in cell death, but some mutations give the cell a growth advantage
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4
Q

what do oncogenes do

A

stimulate cell division

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5
Q

which genes inhibit cell division

A

tumour suppressor genes

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6
Q

term for cancer

A

malignant neoplasm

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7
Q

what is histogenesis

A

formation of tissues due to cellular differentiation

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8
Q

what is the term for malignant tumours of epithelium

A

carcinoma

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9
Q

what is the term for mesenchymal tumours

A

sarcoma

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10
Q

how does a malignant neoplasm differ from a benign neoplasm

A
  1. more autonomous
  2. invasion and metastatic spread
  3. resistant, can be fatal
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11
Q

what are the genes called that are capable of causing cancer in response to stimuli

A

oncogenes

mutated forms of oncogenes, approximately 100 known oncogenes

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12
Q

what is oncogenesis

A

transformation of normal cells into cancer cells

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13
Q

what do proto-oncogenes do

A

enourage and promote normal cell growth and division

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14
Q

what does the ras gene do

A

responsible for cell growth

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15
Q

what is the p53 gene (4)

A
  1. suppresses tumour growth
  2. exists on chromosome 17
  3. stimulates the expression of several genes, including a key promoter of apoptosis
  4. abnormalities of this gene have been detected in many common cancers including colon, breast and lung
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16
Q

what do oncogenes do (4)

A
  1. overproduction of growth factors
  2. flood cell with replication signals
  3. uncontrolled stimulation in intermediary pathways
  4. unrestrained cell growth driven by elevated levels of transcription factors
17
Q

how are proto-oncogenes activated

A
  1. point mutation
  2. chromosome rearrangement
  3. gene amplification
  4. viral insertion
18
Q

what is the role of growth factors

A

cell proliferation

19
Q

what regulates the passage of growth signals from outside the cell to inside

A

Ras proteins in the plasma membrane

20
Q

what can mutated Ras proteins cause

A

continuous growth signal - found in 30 of human cancers

21
Q

what are the complications of benign neoplasms

A
  • pressure
  • obstruction
  • ulceration
  • haemorrhage
  • malignant changes
  • infarction
  • infection
  • rupture
  • hormone production
22
Q

direct spread of malignant tumours

A
  • interstital
  • lymphatic
  • venous
  • coelomic
  • CSF
  • epithelial (rare)
23
Q

how can malignant tumours be managed

A
  1. surgery
  2. radiotherapy
  3. chemotherapy
  4. hormone manipulation

Pathology (10 decks)

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