Fungi And Viruses

Question 1

What is the difference of bacteria and fungi in their composition of cell wall

Answer 1

• Bacteria cell wall has peptidoglycan and their cell membrane contains cholesterol
• fungi cell wall has chitin, cell membrane contains ergesterol

Question 2

What has ergosterol in the cell membrane

Answer 2

Only fungi (eukaryotes)

Question 3

What has a very different ribosome type compared to us

Answer 3

Bacteria

70s (50s +30s)

Question 4

Eukaryotes vs Prokaryote

Answer 4

Bacteria are the prokaryotes and they have different ribosomes than eukaryotes, making it easier to treat

• single cell
• peptidoglycan in the cell wall

Question 5

Unicellular bacterial like colonies that reproduce by budding

Answer 5

Yeasts

Question 6

Filamentous fungi; colonies appear cotton-like

Answer 6

Molds

Question 7

What has branches like hyphae?

Answer 7

Molds

Question 8

What kind of hyphae can a mold have

Answer 8

Septate: cross wall segments
Aseptate: no septa and many nuclei

Question 9

Temperature dependent fungi

Answer 9

Dimorphic fungi

Question 10

What is the parasitic dimorphic fungi

Answer 10

Yeast, parasitic when grown at 37 degrees

Question 11

What is the saprophytic dimorphic fungi

Answer 11

Mold/mycelial: when grown at 25 degrees

Question 12

How are dimorphic fungi grown

Answer 12

As yeast or furry mold

Question 13

What is the most common yeast

Answer 13

Candida albicans

Question 14

What reproduces by budding

Answer 14

Yeasts

Question 15

What is the fungal cell wall component targeted by most antifungal drugs

Answer 15

Azoles target 14 a-demethylase preventing lanosterol from converting to zimosterol

Question 16

How do polyene antimycotics act and why do they have significant toxicity

Answer 16

They directly target ergosterol

-bc cholesterol and ergosterol follow similar pathway, antifungal drugs are very toxic!

Question 17

What is a primary fungal pathogen?

Answer 17

Can infect immunocompentent hosts

Question 18

What are the 4 primary fungal pathogens

Answer 18

• blastomyces dermatitidis
• coccidioides immitis
• histoplasmosis capsulatum
• paracoccioides brasiliensis

Question 19

What is the number one opportunistic fungal?

Answer 19

Candida albicans

Question 20

What are the two fungi like bacteria

Answer 20

Actinomyces and Nocardia

Question 21

Which of the two fungi like bacteria is confused with TB because it is partially acid fast

Answer 21

Nocardia asteroides

Question 22

What are the viral nucleic acids

Answer 22

They can be DNA or RNA

-most are ssRNA

Question 23

What is the most common viral nucleic acid

Answer 23

SsRNA

Question 24

What are the dsDNA viruses

Answer 24

Herpesvirus 
-HSV
Adenovirus
-URIs
-papillomavirus
-HPV
Poxvirus
-pox like lesion

Question 25

What are the two different subtypes of ssRNA viruses

Answer 25

``` Positive strand (+) sense Negative strand (-) nonsense ```

Question 26

What is positive strand virus (+) sense

Answer 26

The RNA can directly translate to a protein

Question 27

What is the negative strained (-) antisense ssRNA viruses

Answer 27

RNA strand servers as template to synthesize mRNA | -template has to be transcribed to (+) sense, then to protein

Question 28

Pneumotropic virus

Answer 28

Respiratory system | -influence, rhinovirus, SARS, respiratory syncytial virus

Question 29

Dermotropic virus

Answer 29

Skin - chickenpox - smallpox - herpes

Question 30

Viscerotropic virus

Answer 30

Blood and visceral organs

Question 31

Neurotrophic viruses

Answer 31

Central nervous systme

Question 32

What is the viral replication cycle

Answer 32

- attachment - penetration/uncoating (injects, fuses, or phagocytized) - biosynthesis (viral genome and protein replication) - maturation/assembly (new viruses ar assembled) - release (new viruses are released, burst size

Question 33

Dormant viral infection, reactivation of viral infection may induce transformation and proliferation with resulting neoplasia (EBV, HPV, HBV, HTLV-1)

Answer 33

Latency

Question 34

What kind of viruses are latent

Answer 34

Lysogenic

Question 35

What is the only hepatitis virus that has DNA instead of RNA

Answer 35

HBV | Also latent

Question 36

These types of viruses rupture the cell, they have a burst size which is the number of virions released from one cell

Answer 36

Lytic viruses

Question 37

Number of virions released from one cell

Answer 37

Lytic

Question 38

Can virus be both lytic and lysogenic?

Answer 38

Yes | -cold sore

Question 39

What kind of cancer does HPV cause

Answer 39

Cervical cancer

Question 40

What kind of cancer does HBV cause

Answer 40

Liver cancer

Question 41

What are the two common DNA tumor viruses

Answer 41

HPV | HBV

Question 42

What are the common RNA tumor viruses

Answer 42

HCV HTLV-1 HIV/HHV-8

Question 43

What kind of cancer does HCV cause

Answer 43

Liver cancer

Question 44

What kind of cancer does HTLV-1 cause

Answer 44

T-cell leukemia

Question 45

What kind of cancer does HIV/HHV-8 cause

Answer 45

Kaposi sarcoma

Question 46

Is it HIV or HHV-8 that causes kaposi sarcoma

Answer 46

HHV-8 actually causes it