GA1 - Thoracic Cage and Pectoral Region

Question 1

Function of thoracic and pectoral regions

Answer 1

breathing; protection of vital organs; conduit

Question 2

Components of thoracic and pectoral region

Answer 2

12 thoracic vertebrae; ribs and intercostal muscles; sternum

Question 3

anterior median (midsternal) line

Answer 3

anatomical position - cuts body in half (right and left)

Question 4

midclavicular lines

Answer 4

bilateral through clavicles

Question 5

anterior/posterior axillary line

Answer 5

bilateral to the midaxillary line

Question 6

midaxillary line

Answer 6

cuts body into anterior and posterior on the lateral side of the body; lateral cutaneous nerves; branches of intercostal nerves

Question 7

surface landmarks - lines

Answer 7

help locating structures; reference points

Question 8

superior thoracic aperature borders

Answer 8

T1, 1st rib, jugular notch

Question 9

what runs through the superior thoracic aperature

Answer 9

trachea, esophagus, carotid artery, subclavian artery, nerves: vagus, phrenic; sympathetic chain ganglia

Question 10

inferior thoracic aperature borders

Answer 10

T12, 12th rib, xiphosternal joint

Question 11

what runs through the inferior thoracic aperature

Answer 11

descending aorta, esophagus, inferior vena cava, sympathetic chain, phrenic nerve and vagus nerve

Question 12

head of ribs attaches to the

Answer 12

vertebral body

Question 13

costal tubercle attaches to the

Answer 13

transverse process

Question 14

neck of rib causes

Answer 14

slight constriction

Question 15

costal angle is the

Answer 15

sharp bend in the rib

Question 16

ribs are _____ bones

Answer 16

flat

Question 17

vertebrae are _____ bones

Answer 17

irregular

Question 18

scapula is a ______ bone

Answer 18

flat

Question 19

3 components to the sternum

Answer 19

manubrium, body, xiphoid process

Question 20

body of sternum in males

Answer 20

2x as big as manubrium

Question 21

body of sternum in females

Answer 21

less than 2x as big as manubrium (smaller)

Question 22

xiphoid process ossifies in early

Answer 22

40s

Question 23

costochondritis

Answer 23

inflammation at costochondral junction; dancers and contact sports; no swelling

Question 24

Tietze’s Syndrome

Answer 24

inflammation of costochondral junction

Question 25

rib dislocation

Answer 25

cartilage separates from sternum

Question 26

rib separation

Answer 26

cartilage and rib separate

Question 27

rachitic rosary

Answer 27

vitamin D deficiency - causes rickets in children; end of ribs enlarge at the costochondral junction

Question 28

cleidocranial dysostosis

Answer 28

no clavicles; attaching to 1st rib

Question 29

pectus excavatum

Answer 29

funnel chest; sunken appearance of chest

Question 30

pectus carinatum

Answer 30

pigeon breast; overgrowth of ribs

Question 31

Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS) causes

Answer 31

cervical rib, tumors/enlarged lymph nodes or costoclavicular syndrome

Question 32

cervical rib due to TOS

Answer 32

extra rib from C7

Question 33

Costoclavicular syndrome due to TOS

Answer 33

diminishe spaced between clavicle and 1st rib compressing brachial plexus or subclavian artery

Question 34

location of the breast - overlies? transversely extends? vertically extends?

Answer 34

subcutaneous, overlied deep fascia covering the pec major and serratus anterior; transversely extends from lateral border of the sternum to the midaxillary line; vertically extends from 2nd to 6th ribs

Question 35

tissue of the breast

Answer 35

adipose and glandular tissue; variable amount of fat

Question 36

axillary tail

Answer 36

extends laterally

Question 37

retromammary space

Answer 37

space between breast and deep fascia of pec major; to easily move

Question 38

suspensory ligaments of cooper

Answer 38

keeps the breast up or droopy if they lose tightness

Question 39

lactiferous ducts

Answer 39

15-20 channels to the sinuses

Question 40

lactiferous sinuses

Answer 40

15-20 dialated end nearer the nipple

Question 41

sebaceous gland of montgomery

Answer 41

bumbs on areola to lubricate the nipple

Question 42

mammary glands

Answer 42

modified sweat gland

Question 43

blood supply of the breast (3)

Answer 43

branches of the internal thoracic artery; lateral thoracic and thoracoacromial arteries; posterior intercostal arteries in the 2nd, 3rd and 4th ICS

Question 44

intercostal thoracic artery is a branch of the

Answer 44

subclavian artery

Question 45

intercostal thoracic artery branches into

Answer 45

PAMS: pericardial (phrenic), anterior intercostal, musculophrenic, superior epigastric

Question 46

posterior intercostal arteries are bracnhes of the

Answer 46

thoracic aorta

Question 47

lateral thoracic and thoracoacromial arteries are branches of

Answer 47

axillary artery

Question 48

venous drainage of the breast through

Answer 48

axillary vein and internal thoracic veins

Question 49

Lymphatic drainage of the breast

Answer 49

subareolar lymphatic plexus

Question 50

75% of lymph from breast, especially lateral quadrants, drains to

Answer 50

the axillary lymph nodes

Question 51

most of the remaining lymph, particularly the medial quadrants, either drains to _____ or ____

Answer 51

parasternal nodes or the other breast

Question 52

lymph from the lower quadrants drain into the

Answer 52

inferior phrenic nodes

Question 53

Upper Lateral quadrant, Upper medial quadrant, and left lateral quadrant drain to the

Answer 53

axillary lymph

Question 54

upper medial and lower medial drain to

Answer 54

the parasternal nodes or other breast

Question 55

lower lateral and medial drain to

Answer 55

inferior phrenic nodes

Question 56

right lower lower medial can drain to

Answer 56

the liver

Question 57

knowing where the lymph drains from the breast can

Answer 57

predict where cancer cells metastasize or infection

Question 58

nerve supply to the breast

Answer 58

lateral and anterior cutaneous branches of the 4th to 6h intercostal nerves

Question 59

nerves of the breast convey ____ fibers to the skin of the brast and _____ fibers to the blood vessels in the breast and smooth muscles in the overlying skin and nipple

Answer 59

sensory; sympathetic

Question 60

sympathetic fibers of the breast cause

Answer 60

the contraction of the errector pilli musclees and glands

Question 61

symoathetic fibers cause vasoconstriction of cutaneous blood vessels

Answer 61

to divert blood away from skin to go to muscles

Question 62

sympathetic fibers cause vasoconstriction of cutaneous blood vessels so that

Answer 62

blood goes to the skeletal muscles

Question 63

polythelia

Answer 63

extra nipples (2+)

Question 64

polymastia

Answer 64

extra breast

Question 65

amastia

Answer 65

no breasts

Question 66

breast cancer - "dimpling"

Answer 66

suspensory ligaments of cooper can retract pulling the skin

Question 67

gynecomastia

Answer 67

male developing breasts

Question 68

gynecomastia caused by

Answer 68

hormonal imbalance, steroids, in Kleinfelters

Question 69

Carcinoma - abnormal contours

Answer 69

breast is no shaped right

Question 70

Carcinoma - nipple retraction and deviation

Answer 70

nipple starts to turn inward

Question 71

Carcinoma - Peau d'orange sign

Answer 71

edema of the skin; obstruction of the lymphatic structures due to the cancer; tiny pores; leathery texture; orange skin

Question 72

what causes an increased thoracic volume

Answer 72

increase side to side diameter, A-P diameter (external intercostal and internal intercostal) and vertical length (diaphragm)

Question 73

an increased thoracic volume causes

Answer 73

lungs to passively expand and air rushes in through trachea

Question 74

diaphragm rises when

Answer 74

relaxed

Question 75

intercostal nerves are derived from

Answer 75

the thoracic spinal nerves

Question 76

ventral rami of T1-T11 form the

Answer 76

intercostal nerves between innermost and internal intercostal

Question 77

ventral ramus of T12 forms the

Answer 77

subcostal nerve

Question 78

dermatomes

Answer 78

bandlike skin areas each supplied by a single spinal nerve

Question 79

typical intercostal nerves

Answer 79

3-6

Question 80

intercostal nerves 3-6 branches (5)

Answer 80

rami communicantes, collateral branches, lateral cutaneous, anterior cutaneous, muscular

Question 81

atypical intercostal nerves

Answer 81

1 and 2

Question 82

thoracoabdominal nerves

Answer 82

7-11

Question 83

subcostal nerve

Answer 83

12

Question 84

arterial supply to thoracic wall

Answer 84

thoracia aorta, subclavian artery and axillary artery

Question 85

anastomosis

Answer 85

direct connection of 2 arteries or 2 nerves with capillaries

Question 86

joints have high ____ network

Answer 86

anastomotic

Question 87

thoracic wall venous drainage - posterior intercostal veins drain mostly into the

Answer 87

azygos venous system

Question 88

thoracic wall venous drainage - anterior intercostal veins drain into the

Answer 88

internal thoracic vein

Question 89

thoracic wall venous drainage - anterior and posterior intercostal veins _____ with each other

Answer 89

anastomose