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Gait Flashcards

1
Q

Standard terminology

A 
Stance phase:
Heel strike
Foot flat
Midstance 
Heel off 
Toe off

Swing Phase:
Acceleration
Midswing
Deceleration

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2
Q

Rancho Los Amigos Terminology

A 
Stance Phase:
Initial contact
Loading Response
Midstance 
Terminal Stance
Pre-swing

Swing Phase:
Initial swing
Midswing
Terminal Swing

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3
Q

What percentage is stance phase of the gait cycle?

A

60%

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4
Q

What percentage is the swing phase of the gait cycle?

A

40% of the gait cycle

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5
Q

Explain heel strike

A

Instance the heel touches the ground begins stance phase

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6
Q

Explain foot flat

A
  • Point in which the entire foot makes contact with the ground
  • should occur directly after heel strike
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7
Q

Explain Midstance

A

-point during the stance phase when the entire body weight is directly over stance limb

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8
Q

Explain heel off

A

Point the heel of the stance limb leaves the ground

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9
Q

Explain toe off

A

Point in which only the toe of the stance limb remains on the ground

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10
Q

Explain acceleration

A
  • Begins when toe off is complete

- reference lim swings until positioned directly under the body

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11
Q

Explain midswing (standard definition)

A

Swing limb is directly under the body

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12
Q

Explain deceleration

A

Begins directly after midswing, as the swing limb begins to extend and ends just prior to heel strike

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13
Q

Explain Initial contact

A
  • Beginning of the stance phase

- occurs when the foot touches the ground

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14
Q

Explain Loading response

A

Corresponds to the amount of time b/t initial contact and the bringing of the swing phase for the other leg

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15
Q

Explain midstance

A

Corresponds to the point in stance phase when the other foot is off the floor until the body is directly over the stance limb

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16
Q

Explain terminal stance

A

Begins when the heel of the stance limb rises and ends when the other foot touches the ground

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17
Q

Explain pre-swing

A

Begins when the other foot touches the ground and ends when the stance foot reaches toe off

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18
Q

Explain Initial swing

A

Begins when the stance foot lifts from the floor and ends with maximal knee flexion during swing

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19
Q

Explain Midswing

A

Begins with maximal knee flexion during swing and ends when the tibia is perpendicular with the ground

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20
Q

Explain Terminal swing

A

Begins when the tibia is perpendicular ot the floor and ends when the foot touches the ground

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21
Q

Position of the Pelvis during initial swing

A

Level: Backward rotation 4-5 degrees

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22
Q

Position of the hip during initial swing?

A

Flexion 20 degrees

Neutral: Rotation, abduction, adduction

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23
Q

Position of the knee during initial swing?

A

Flexion 60 degrees

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24
Q

Position of the ankle during initial swing?

A

Plantar flexion 10 degrees

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25
Position of the pelvis during midswing?
Level: Neutral rotation
26
Position of the hip during midswing?
Flexion 20-30 degrees Neutral: Rotation, abduction, adduction
27
Position of the knee during midswing?
From 60 degrees to 30 degrees Flexion
28
Position of the ankle during midswing?
Neutral
29
Position of the pelvis during terminal swing?
Level: forward rotation 4-5 degrees
30
Position of the hip during Terminal Swing?
Flexion 30 Degrees Neutral: Rotation, abduction, adduction
31
Position of the knee during terminal swing?
Extension to 0 degrees
32
Position of the ankle during terminal swing?
Neutral
33
Position of the pelvis during initial contact?
Maintains forward Rotation
34
Position of the Hip at Initial contact?
Flexion 30 degrees
35
Position of the knee during initial contact?
Full Extension
36
Position of the Ankle at Initial Contact?
Neutral; Heel First
37
Position of the Pelvis during Loading Response ?
Level: Less Forward Rotation
38
Position of the Hip during Loading Response?
Flexion 30 degrees Neutral: Rotation, Abduction, Adduction
39
Position of the knee during Loading Response?
Flexion 15 degrees
40
Position of the ankle during loading response?
Plantar Flexion 15 Degrees
41
Position of the pelvis during midstance?
Level: Neutral Rotation
42
Position of the hip during midstance?
Extending to neutral Neutral: Rotation, abduction, adduction
43
Position of the knee during midstance?
Extending to Neutral
44
Position of the ankle during midstance?
From PF to 10 degrees DF
45
Position of the pelvis during Terminal Stance?
Level: Backward rotation 4-5 degrees
46
Position of the hip during terminal stance?
Apparent Hyperextension 10 degrees Neutral: Rotation, Abduction, Adduction
47
Position of the knee during terminal stance?
Full extension
48
Position of the ankle during terminal stance?
Neutral with tibia stable and heel off prior to Initial contact Opposite foot
49
Position of the toe during terminal stance?
Neutral IP | Extended MP
50
Position of the pelvis during pre-swing?
Level: Backward rotation 4-5 degrees
51
Position of the hip during pre-swing?
Neutral extension Neutral: Rotation, Abduction, Adduction
52
Position of the knee during pre-swing?
Flexion 35 degrees
53
Position of the Ankle during pre-swing?
Plantar Flexion 20 degrees
54
Position of the toe during pre-swing?
Neutral IP | Extended MP
55
Between what phases of gait does double limb support occur?
B/t Initial contact and Left Preswing 10% of the gait cycle
56
How many double support’s occur during the gait cycle?
2 | 20% of the gait cycle together
57
How much ROM is required for hip flexion for normal gait?
0-30 degrees hip flexion
58
How much ROM is required for hip extension for normal gait?
0-10 degrees
59
How much ROM is required for knee flexion for normal gait?
0-60 degrees
60
How much ROM is required for knee extension for normal gait?
0 degrees
61
How much ROM is required for ankle dorsiflexion for normal gait?
0-10 degrees ankle Dorsiflexion
62
How much ROM is required for ankle plantar flexion for normal gait?
0-20 degrees of PF
63
What muscles are activated during initial contact?
1. Ankle DF’s: place ankle in DF during heel strike and prepare to lower the foot towards the ground 2. Quadriceps: place knee in extension 3. Hamstrings: stabilize the knee and prevent hyperextension 4. Hip extensors/abductors: stabilize the trunk and pelvis over the leg
64
What muscles are activated during loading Response??
1. Ankle DF’s: ECCENTRICALLY control the lowering of the foot towards the ground 2. Quadriceps: ECCENTRICALLY control knee flexion as the limb accepts BW. (Latter portion of phase): CONCENTRICALLY draw the femur forward over the tibia 3. PF’s: (latter portion of phase) ECCENTRICALLY Controlled DF as the tibia advances over the foot 4. Hip Extensors: Contract CONCENTRICALLY to produce hip extension
65
What muscles are activated during midstance?
1. PF’s: ECCENTRICALLY control DF’s as the body moves over stance limb 2. Quadriceps: CONCENTRICALLY continue producing closed chain knee extension (but minimal knee activity during this phase) 3. Hip Abductors: Stabilize the pelvis + prevent CONTRALATERAL hip drop 4. Iliopsoas: begins to contract ECCENTRICALLY to control hip extension
66
What muscles are activated during Terminal Stance?
1. PF’s: Begin to work CONCENTRICALLY to aid the foot in its propulsion of the body forward 2. Hip abductions stabilize pelvis 3. Iliopsoas: contract ECCENTRICALLY to control hip extension (*knee musculature remains limited)
67
What muscles are activated during pre-swing?
1. PF’s: Peak activity as foot “toes off” from ground 2. Hamstring: begin to produce knee flexion to prepare for swing phase; though the momentum of body also aids in this motion 3. Iliopsoas: begins to work CONCENTRICALLY to produce hip flexion, along w/ other hip flexors (Rectus femoris, Sartorius, adductor longus)
68
What muscles are activated during Initial swing?
Ankle DF’s: contract CONCENTRICALLY to clear the foot form the ground Hamstrings: ASISs with foot clearance by flexing the knee Hip flexors: continue to produce hip flexion to advance the limb forward
69
What muscles are activated during midswing?
Ankle DF’s: continue to contract CONCENTRICALLY to maintain DF **Knee + hip muscles are minimal since forward momentum allows for the advancement of the limb
70
What muscles are activated during Terminal Swing?
1. Ankle DF’s: continue to contract CONCENTRICALLY to maintain DF 2. Ankle Invertors: contract CONCENTRICALLY to prepare the foot for initial contact 3. Quadriceps: contract CONCENTRICALLY to place the knee in extension for initial contact 4. Hamstrings: ECCENTRICALLY control the rate of knee extension 5. Hip extensors: ECCENTRICALLY slow the rate of hip flexion + prepare limb for initial contact
71
Define Base of Support.
Distance measured b/t Left + Right foot during progression of gait Distance DECREASES as cadence INCREASES
72
What is the average base of support for an adult
2-4 inches
73
Define Cadence.
Number of steps an individual will walk over a period of time
74
What is the average cadence for an adult?
110-120 steps/minute
75
What is meant by Degree of toe-out.
Angle formed by each foot’s line of progression and a line intersecting the center of the heel and 2nd toe
76
What is the average amount of toe-out for an adult?
7 degrees
77
What is meant by double support phase?
The two times during a gait cycle where both feet are on the ground. The time of double support INCREASES as the speed of gait DECREASES
78
True or False: Double Support Phase is also a phase of running
False
79
Define the Gait Cycle.
Sequence of Milton’s that occur from Initial contact of the heel to the the next consecutive initial contact of the same heel
80
Define Pelvic rotation
rotation of the pelvis occurs opposite the thorax in order to maintain balance + regulate speed.
81
What is the average pelvic rotation for an adult?
A total of 8 degrees (4 degrees forward with the swing leg + 4 degrees backward with the stance leg)
82
Define Single support phase.
Occurs when only one foot is on the ground and occurs 2x during a single gait cycle
83
Define step length.
The distance measured b/t the R heel strike + L heel strick.
84
What is the average step length for an adult?
28 inches
85
Define Stride Length.
The distance measured b/t R heel strike and the following R heel strike
86
What is the average stride length of an adult?
56 inches
87
What muscles are tonically active at low levels during Normal alignment in stance
(1) tibialis anterior (2) Gastroc-soleus complex (3) TFL (4) gluteus medius (5) iliopsoas (6) abdominals (7) Erector spinae

Musculoskeletal Section (24 decks)

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