gas exchange Flashcards

Question

inspection

Answer 1

Observe quality and pattern of respiration Breathing characteristics: rate, rhythm, and depth Labored and noisy breathing Inspect intercostal spaces. Ask the client to breathe normally and observe the intercostal spaces. Observe for use of accessory muscles.

Answer 2

Have the patient sit with arms at sides and assess chest for:  Symmetry – should be equal  Equal rise and fall of the chest  Respiration – should be easy and regular rhythm  Accessory muscle use- neck muscles or intercostal muscles (ABNORMAL)

Answer 3

 Tenderness and sensation  Crepitus: crackling sensation (seen when air escapes lung and is in the subcutaneous space)  Palpate in a systematic sequence

Answer 4

 Place hands on posterior chest wall at the level of T9-T10 and feel for equal rise and fall of the chest.  Unequal chest rise and fall could indicate Pneumonia, trauma or lung collapse.

Answer 5

 Vibrations felt by hand during palpation  Place open palm edge on skin  client repeats 99  Should feel equal vibration bilaterally  Decreases if sound transmission is obstructed by consolidation (pneumonia or sputum)

Answer 6

Auscultate for breath sounds Auscultate posteriorly first. Do not attempt to listen through clothing or other materials. Always begin with the diaphragm of the stethoscope. Ask the patient to breathe deeply through the mouth. Always listen to ONE complete respiratory cycle at each location. If you note adventitious breath sounds, have the patient cough and re -listen.

Answer 7

Listen for a full respiratory cycle at each site.  Be aware of the patient getting dizzy due to breathing patterns.  Are sounds normal or abnormal (adventitious).

Answer 8

 Tenderness and sensation  Crepitus: crackling sensation (seen when air escapes lung and is in the subcutaneous space)  Palpate in a systematic sequence

Answer 9

 Percussion is an assessment technique where the examiner produces sounds by tapping on the patient’s chest wall.  Percussion can help to determine if the underlying tissues are filled with fluid, air or solid material.  Utilized in advanced health assessment.

Answer 10

very loud high pitched, heard over the trachea. inspiratory and expiratory lung sounds equal

Answer 11

loud relatively high pitched, over the manubrium, inspiratory sound shorter than expiratory

Answer 12

medium loudness, sounds equal, between the sternum and scapula

Answer 13

soft low pitch, inspires longer than expires, most of lung fields

Answer 14

* Otherwise known as CRACKLES * Small clicking, bubbling or rattling sounds * Occurs when air passes through fluid or mucous

Answer 15

* Snoring sound more continuous then rales * Occurs when air passes through narrow passage with secretions /

Answer 16

: * High pitched sound produced by narrowed airways * May be inspiratory or expiratory

Answer 17

* Loud, high pitched wheeze in the upper airway * Seen in children with croup, epiglottitis, pertussis * Many times may be heard without a stethoscope

Answer 18

Kussmaul is typically seen in diabetic ketoacidosis. fruity breath Kussmaul breathing is a deep and labored breathing pattern often associated with severe metabolic acidosis, particularly diabetic ketoacidosis

Answer 19

abnormal breathing pattern

Answer 20

periods of apnea The pattern involves a period of fast, shallow breathing followed by slow, heavier breathing and moments without any breath at all, called apneas.

Answer 21

Cigarette smoking/sec ond-hand smoke Genetic predispositio n Exposure to toxins History of previous lung cancer Gender Asbestos, radon, and environment al exposure Workplace pollutants History of Hodgkin disease

Answer 22

Cigarette smoking/sec ond-hand smoke Genetic predispositio n Exposure to toxins History of previous lung cancer Gender Asbestos, radon, and environment al exposure Workplace pollutants History of Hodgkin disease

Answer 23

More men than women affected Black men have higher incidence and mortality rates than white males In 2011, 82% of those living with lung cancer were 60 years or older

Answer 24

Avoid smoking cigarettes or join a tobacco cessation program if you do smoke. Check for occupational or home exposure to asbestos or radon (have a radon check of your house or office if necessary). Avoid second-hand smoke exposure. Seek a medical assessment for respiratory symptoms such as prolonged cough or pain in the chest area

Answer 25

 Children and Infants:  Frequent and severe asthma attacks, respiratory infections, ear infections, and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).  Pregnancy:  Maternal cigarette smoking correlates with an increased incidence of perinatal mortality, preterm delivery, premature rupture of membranes, abruptio placentae, stillbirth, and bleeding during pregnancy,  In the fetus: decreased fetal size, low birth weight, and SIDS  Adults:  Nasal irritation, coronary heart disease, stroke, and lung cancer  Breathing secondhand smoke can have immediate adverse effects on your blood and blood vessels, increasing the risk of having a heart attack.

Answer 26

Dyspnea Cough with pink, frothy sputum Orthopnea Crackles Low oxygen saturation Pitting edema Assessment CAD / MI Cardiomyopathy (enlarged heart) Valvular disease Hypertension Causes: Left-sided: left ventricular failure Right-sided: right ventricular failure Inability of the heart to pump sufficient blood resulting in fluid backup in the lungs

Answer 27

Inflammation of the lung caused by infection or viruses Fever Chest pain (pleuritic) Dyspnea with tachypnea Purulent sputum / productive cough Assessment:Assessment: Infection Virus May be community acquired or hospital acquired

Answer 28

 People most at risk are infants and young children, adults 65 or older  Chronic lung diseases such as COPD, bronchiectasis, or cystic fibrosis that make the lungs more vulnerable  Heart disease, diabetes and sickle cell disease.  Difficulty swallowing  due to stroke, dementia, Parkinson's disease, or other neurological conditions, which can result in aspiration of food, vomit or saliva into the lungs that then becomes infected.  Hospitalizations  Smoking  Drug and ETOH abuse  Exposure to certain chemicals, pollutants or toxic fumes

Answer 29

TB is an airborne bacterial infection caused by the organism Mycobacterium tuberculosis that primarily affects the lungs  In the United States, TB is much less common and can almost always be treated and cured if you take medicine as directed  Can lead to long-lasting permeant lung damage S/S include:  weakness, weight loss, fever, and night sweats, coughing, chest pain, and the coughing up of blood Immunization:  Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is a vaccine for tuberculosis (TB) disease  BCG vaccination should only be considered for children who have a negative TB test and who are continually exposed, and cannot be separated from adults  Healthcare workers who care for a large percentage of TB pts.

Answer 30

Assessment Allergies Airway irritants Stress Common in children Dyspnea Cough Wheezing – airway constriction Dyspnea Cough Wheezing – airway constriction common in children airway irritation

Answer 31

Fever Runny nose Chest congestion Dyspnea / Wheezing / Retractions common lower respiratory tract virus in children very contagious

Answer 32

Tenderness or pain at the costochondral junction of the ribs is seen with fractures, especially in older clients with osteoporosis. Older adults may experience dyspnea with certain activities related to aging changes of the lungs (loss of elasticity, fewer functional capillaries, and loss of lung resiliency). Chest pain related to pleuritis may be absent in older clients because of age-related alterations in pain perception. The ability to cough effectively may be decreased in the older client because of weaker muscles and increased rigidity of the thoracic wall.

Answer 33

*Does your infant become fatigued or short of breath during feedings? May be a sign of congenital heart defect *Has your child had vaccinations? Influenza / Pertussis : have respiratory S/S * Any exposure to secondhand smoke?

Answer 34

*Children under 7 are usually abdominal breathers *Retraction or nasal flaring are clear signs of respiratory distress *Children who are acutely ill many times present with respiratory complaints *Children compensate and appear well longer than adults do however, when they de-compensate a child can rapidly decline. *Respiratory distress in a child is always an EMERGENCY. *Croup- common respiratory virus in children. Sounds like a “barking seal”.

gas exchange Flashcards

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