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Fundamentals of Nursing > Gas Exchange > Flashcards

Gas Exchange Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

What is oxygenation ?

A

the mechanisms that facilitate or impair the body’s ability to supply oxygen to all cells of the body

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2
Q

What is ventilation ?

A

process of moving gases into and out of the lungs

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3
Q

What is perfusion ?

A

ability of the CV system to pump oxygenated blood to the tissues and return deoxygenated blood to the lungs

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4
Q

What is diffusion ?

A

exchange of respiratory gases in the alveoli and capillaries

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5
Q

What component of blood carries O2 and CO2 ?

A

hemoglobin

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6
Q

What body systems support oxygen transport ?

A

lungs and cardiovascular (CV) system

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7
Q

What side of the heart does oxygenated blood go to ?

A

Left side

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8
Q

What side of the heart does deoxygenated blood go to ?

A

Right side

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9
Q

What is cardiac output ?

A

amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle each minute

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10
Q

What is stroke volume ?

A

amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle with each contraction

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11
Q

What is preload ?

A

amount of blood in the LV at the end of diastole

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12
Q

What is afterload ?

A

resistance to left ventricular ejection

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13
Q

What components are part of cardiac output ?

A

Stroke volume (SV) x heart rate (HR)

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14
Q

How does stress affect oxygenation ?

A

a continuous state of stress or severe anxiety increases the metabolic rate and oxygen demand of the body

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15
Q

Why would anemia affect your oxygenation ?

A

if you don’t have enough RBCs then you won’t be able to carry enough O2

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16
Q

What is hyperventilation ?

A

ventilation in excess of that required
- rate and depth of respirations increases

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17
Q

What are some signs and symptoms of hyperventilation ?

A
  • rapid respirations
  • sighing breaths
  • numbness and tingling of hands/feet
  • lightheadedness
  • loss of consciousness
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18
Q

What is hypoventilation ?

A

alveolar ventilation inadequate to meet the body’s oxygen demand
- respiratory rate and depth is low

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19
Q

What are some signs and symptoms of hypoventilation ?

A
  • mental status changes
  • dysrhythmias
  • convulsions
  • unconscious
  • death
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20
Q

What are some causes of hypoventilation ?

A
  • neuromuscular disorders
  • atelectasis
  • drugs (respiratory depression)
  • trauma
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21
Q

What are some causes of hyperventilation ?

A
  • severe anxiety
  • infection
  • COPD/Asthma
  • DKA
  • brain injury
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22
Q

What is hypoxia ?

A

inadequate tissue oxygenation at the cellular level, late sign cyanosis

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23
Q

What are some causes of hypoxia ?

A
  • decreased in Hgb and lowered O2-carrying capacity of blood
  • diminished inspired O2
  • decreased in diffusion of O2 from the alveoli to the blood
  • impaired ventilation
  • poor tissue perfusion
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24
Q

What are some signs and symptoms of hypoxia ?

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A
  • decreased LOC
  • increased RR and HR
  • dizziness
  • restlessness, inability to concentrate
  • apprehensive
25
What are some late signs of hypoxia ?
- decreased RR and HR - cyanosis
26
What is pneumonia ?
acute inflammation of the lung that is most frequently caused by a microorganism - fluid and exudate in the alveoli
27
How does HOB up Semi-Fowlers help with respiration ?
helps to drain secretions from specific segments of the lungs and bronchi into the trachea
28
What are some additional interventions for respirations ?
- deep breathing and coughing - pursed lip breathing - flutter valve (clearing secretions) - encourage fluids - hydration - humidification - nebulization
29
What are some oxygenation safety info ?
- O2 must be prescribed and adjusted only with an order - can prescribe O2 if pt is unstable but need to request order - electrical equipment must be functioning and grounded - no smoking/open flames - secure O2 cylinders and store them upright and chained or secured in a holder - check O2 level of portable tanks before transporting pt
30
What is the max amount of O2 per L/min does the nasal cannula use ?
6 L/min - 24 to 44% O2
31
What % of O2 is in room air ?
21%
32
What % of O2 is 1L/min ?
24%
33
What is the rule for nasal cannula O2 concentrations ?
Starting at 1 L/min, increasing the oxygen flow by 1 L/min will increase the inspired oxygen concentration by about four percentage point
34
What is the max amount of O2 per L/min with a simple face mask ?
5-10L/min - 35 to 60%
35
What is the max amount of O2 per L/min with a partial O2 mask ?
10-15L/min - 60 to 90% - reservoir bag must be inflated
36
What is the max amount of O2 per L/min with a non-rebreather O2 mask ?
10-15L/min - 80 to 98% - reservoir bag must be inflated
37
What is a venturi mask ?
delivers higher O2 concentration depending on the flow-control meter selected - 4 to 15L/min - 24 to 60%
38
What is the difference between BiPAP and CPAP ?
- BiPAP: gives 2 different pressure settings for inhale and exhale & set rate of breaths per min - CPAP: stays at one single pressure setting and is to keep their airway open without being hooked up to O2
39
Why is suctioning important ?
with pt's that are unable to clear respiratory secretions from the airways by coughing or other less invasive procedures
40
What is the max amount of time to suction ?
do not suction longer than 10-15 secs at a time - allow 60 secs between passes
41
For continuous open suctioning up to what amount of mmHg is used ?
120 mmHg
42
For continuous closed suctioning up to what amount of mmHg is used ?
160 mmHg
43
How often is trach care for ?
minimum of every 24 hrs/daily
44
When doing trach care what do you change ?
- inner cannula - site cleaning - dressing change (suctioning is not "daily trach care")
45
For what situations would trach care and inner cannula changes be more often ?
new tracheostomies or pulmonary infections
46
What would you asses and document for trach care ?
q4hrs - any trach care done - type and size of trach - stoma assessment - all safety measures in place - trach ties assessed (2 fingers underneath/skin assess)
47
When are Passy-Muir Speaking valves used and why ?
used with tracheostomy and ventilator patients - helps them with speaking and communicating better
48
What is a chest tube ?
catheter placed through the thorax to remove air and fluids from the pleural space
49
What is the purpose of chest tubes ?
- remove air and fluids from the pleural space - prevent air or fluid from reentering the pleural space - re-establish normal intra-pleural and intra-pulmonary pressures
50
Where is a chest tube inserted ?
between the ribs into the chest (pleural space) and is connected to a closed water or dry seal
51
What is used to keep a chest tube in place ?
stitch (suture) and adhesive tape
52
What are some signs and symptoms of a hemo- or pneumothorax ?
- acute chest pain - labored breathing - dyspnea - increased BP, HR, RR - decreased O2 sat - uneven chest wall movement - deviation of airway - very anxious
53
What are some chest tube interventions ?
- Maintain: secure and airtight dressing, & underwater seal, & tubing for patency & pt - monitor and secure all connections - observe for bubbling - record output (quantity, characteristics) - dressing changes per agency
54
Is bubbling in a chest tube canister normal ?
- bubbling in suction canister is normal - continuous bubbling in the water seal is a sign of an air leak
55
What is the purpose of the incentive spirometer ?
to increase inspiratory volume, strengthen lungs and to help clear out secretions
56
For what L/min of O2 do we administer a humidifier ?
4L/min or greater
57
What is the purpose of a Venturi mask ?
for pt's who need a very specific % of O2 - most accurate form of O2 delivery
58
What is the purpose of a face tent ?
fits loosely around the face and is often used for pt's that feel claustrophobic
59
How are the simple face mask and non-breather face mask different ?
- simple face mask has holes at the end to allow for expiration - non breather has valves that close during expiration

Fundamentals of Nursing (14 decks)

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