Nutrition Flashcards
(28 cards)
What are some nutritional factors affecting infants-school age kids ?
- rapid growth/dietary needs
- breastfeeding/formula
- choking concerns
- nutrient dense foods
What are some nutritional factors affecting adolescents ?
- energy needs
- concerns of body image
- fad diets/risk of eating disorders
What are some nutritional factors affecting young/middle adults ?
- decrease in nutrient demand
- obesity
- pregnancy/lactation
What are some nutritional factors affecting older adults ?
- changes in sense
- oral health
- therapeutic diets
What are some example foods in a clear liquid diet ?
only liquids that are clear and offer little daily calories and nutrients
- clear broth
- coffee & tea
- carbonated drinks
- clear fruit juice
- jello
- popsicles
What are some examples of foods in a full liquid diet ?
foods that are considered liquids or that will turn into liquids at room temp
- clear liquids
- smooth dairy products
- cream soups
- pureed veggies
- all fruit juices
What are some examples of a pureed (dysphagia) diet ?
foods that don’t require chewing
- clear/full liquids
- scrambled eggs
- pureed meats
- mashed potatoes
- thickened liquids
What are some examples of a mechanical soft diet ?
- clear/full liquids
- pureed foods
- diced meats
- flaked fish
- cottage cheese
- canned fruit
What are some examples of a low residue diet ?
- low fiber
- easily digested foods like pasta, moist meats
What is dysphagia ?
difficulty swallowing
- thickened liquids are easiest to swallow
What are some warning signs of dysphagia ?
- coughing/change in voice after swallowing
- abnormal movements of mouth/tongue/lips
- uncoordinated speech
- abnormal gag
- pocketing food
- drooling
Who can perform a screening for dysphagia ?
registered dietician or speech pathologist
What is enteral nutrition (EN) ?
providing patients nutrients into the GI tract via nasogastric (NGT), jejunal (JT), or gastric tube (GT)
- when patients can’t swallow and have a functioning GI tract
What are some feeding complications for enteral tube feedings ?
- aspiration
- diarrhea or constipation
- tube occlusion or displacement (won’t know until it’s flushed)
- cramping
- delayed gastric emptying
- electrolyte imbalances
- fluid volume overload
What is Reglan used for ?
helps with peristalsis (gets things moving along in GI tract)
What is in a basic parentral nutrition (PN) formula ?
combo of amino acids, hypertonic dextrose, electrolytes, vitamins, and tract elements
What is paraenetral nutrition ?
form of specialized nutrition support in which nutrients are provided intravenously (IV) or PIV
- often given to alcoholic patients
What are fat emulsions ?
provides calories and fatty acids
- aka total parenteral nutrition (TPN)
What are some special considerations with parenteral nutrition ?
- first 24-48 hrs deliver 50% of estimated needs and then rate will be increased after that
- label the different ports if there is multiple
- always use an infusion pump & filter
- inspect the solution for particulate matter
What are some complications with parenteral nutrition catheters ?
- catheter occlusion (partial or complete): if it’s sluggish or no flow then stop the infusion and follow protocol
- change tubing q24 hrs
- hang bag for only 24 hr; lipids 12 hrs
- check to see if solution need a filter
What are some parenteral nutrition metabolic complications ?
- DO NOT TRY TO CATCH UP
- electrolyte and mineral imbalances
- hyperglycemia/hypoglycemia
- dehydration
- do not abruptly stop TPN (total parenteral nutrition)
What are some interventions to prevent aspiration due to NGT (nasogastric) feeding ?
- keep HOB up to 30-45 degrees at all times
- measure gastric residual volumes q4-6 hrs
- determine if pt is at high risk for aspiration
-verify correct placement prior to use - stop feedings if aspiration occurs
- administer metoclopramide (reglan) if ordered
- monitor for nausea, vomiting, cramping, and diarrhea and tube occlusion
- increase rate per order
What are some interventions for impaired nutrition due to poor appetite ?
- monitor food intake and record % eaten
- offer small frequent meals
- assist with ordering meals, and encouraging familiar foods
- avoid mealtime interruption
- calm, peaceful, pain-free, odor-free environment
- provide rest periods before meals
- teach importance of having good nutrition
What are some interventions for potential aspiration due to impaired swallowing ?
monitor for:
- abnormal gagging
- cough during eating
- abnormal movements of mouth, tongue or lips
- encourage pt to use chin tuck when swallowing
- slow, weak, imprecise or uncoordinated speech
- delayed or absent trigger or swallow
- pt sit upright with HOB 30-45 degrees an hr after eating
