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Fundamentals of Nursing > Infection > Flashcards

Infection Flashcards

1
Q

What are some factors that increase host susceptibility ?

A
  • age
  • underlying disease
  • malignancy
  • transplants
  • certain medications
  • surgical procedures
  • radiation therapy
  • indwelling devices
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2
Q

What is a localized infection ?

A

in a specific place in the body

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3
Q

What is systemic infection ?

A

spread all over the body

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4
Q

What are some manifestations of localized infection ?

A
  • swelling
  • redness
  • heat
  • pain or tenderness
  • loss of function in affected body part (due to pain and inflammation)
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5
Q

What are some manifestations of systemic infection ?

A
  • fever
  • leukocytosis
  • malaise
  • anorexia
  • nausea
  • vomiting
  • lymph node enlargement
  • organ failure (when infection is left alone for so long)`
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6
Q

What does the incubation stage mean ?

A

pt. may not feel ill or have any visual manifestations
- may be detectable through labs or diagnostic tests
- bacteria has entered the body but we feel okay

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7
Q

What does the prodromal stage mean ?

A

initial manifestations
- will start to have symptoms
- fever, aches, poor appetite, malaise, runny nose

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8
Q

What does the acute illness stage mean ?

A

infection process becomes obvious
- infection considered severe
- symptoms are at it’s worst

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9
Q

What does period of decline stage mean ?

A

manifestation begin to subside
- number of infectious agents in the body decline

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10
Q

What is the period of convalescence stage mean ?

A

pt returns to previous state of health
- getting back to baseline but may be left with lasting/lingering effects

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11
Q

What are the stages of infection ?

A
  • incubation
  • prodromal
  • acute illness
  • period of decline
  • period of convalescence
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12
Q

What are some common health care associated infections ?

A
  • urinary tract (CAUTI)
  • surgical sites (SSI)
  • respiratory tract (VAP)
  • blood stream (CLABSI)
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13
Q

What are infection bundles ?

A

groups of interventions we use to prevent infections with specific procedures/machines
- to improve patient outcomes

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14
Q

What are some risk factors for health care associated infections ?

A
  • increased length of stay
  • invasive procedures
  • multi-drug resistant organismzs
  • # of providers
  • decreased immunity
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15
Q

What is asepsis ?

A

absence of pathogenic (disease-producing) microorganisms

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16
Q

What is aseptic technique ?

A

practices/procedures that help reduce the risk for infection

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17
Q

What is medical asepsis (clean technique) ?

A

procedures for reducing the number of organisms present and preventing the transfer of organisms
- used all the time unless you need surgical asepsis
- Ex.) hand hygiene, wiping down surfaces

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18
Q

What is surgical asepsis (sterile technique) ?

A

procedures used to eliminate ALL microorganisms, including pathogens and spores, from an object or area “used for certain procedures such as central line dressing changes, surgery, etc.
- Ex.) sterile procedures

19
Q

What are the 5 moments for hand hygiene ?

A
  • before touch a pt
  • before clean/aseptic procedure
  • after body fluid exposure risk
  • after touching a pt
  • after touching pt surroundings
20
Q

How do we prevent infections with bedside units ?

A

keep table surfaces clean and dry

21
Q

How do we prevent infections with bottled solutions ?

A
  • do not leave bottled solutions open when not in use
  • keep solutions tightly capped
  • date bottles when opened and discard in 24 hrs
22
Q

How do we prevent infections with surgical wounds ?

A
  • keep drainage tubes and collection bags patent (no blockage) to prevent accumulation of serous fluid under the skin surface
  • empty the drainage frequently
23
Q

How do we prevent infections with drainage bottles and bags ?

A
  • NEVER raise a drainage system (urinary drainage bag) above the level of the site being drained unless it is clamped off
  • wear gloves and protective eyewear if splashing or spraying with contaminated blood or body fluids is anticipated
  • empty and dispose of drainage suction bottles according to facility policy
  • empty all drainage systems on each shift (at least) unless otherwise ordered by physician
24
Q

What is disinfection ?

A

process that eliminates many or all microorganisms, with the exception of bacterial spores, from inanimate objects

25
Q

What is sterilization ?

A

complete elimination or destruction of all microorganisms, including spores

26
Q

What are the main difference between disinfection and sterilization ?

A
  • sterilization is to remove ALL microorganisms and spores
27
Q

How do we prevent needlestick injury ?

A
  • if we have option to go needleless then we will
  • engage safety device immediately after withdrawing the needle after use
  • get new sharps box if 3/4 full
28
Q

What are standard precautions ?

A

used to prevent and control infections and its spread
- for everyone
- wear gloves when come in contact with blood, body fluid, non-intact skin, and mucous membranes from all patients

29
Q

What is tier one isolation precautions ?

A

standard precautions
- infection prevention practices for ALL clients

30
Q

What are examples of tier two isolation precautions ?

A
  • contact precautions
  • droplet precautions
  • airborne
  • protective environment
31
Q

What is contact precautions used for ?

A

known or suspected microorganisms that can be transmitted by direct contact with the pt and indirect contact with surfaces or items in the pt’s environment

32
Q

What is droplet precautions used for ?

A

pt’s with transmission of large droplets during coughing, sneezing, talking, suctioning and deposited on mucous membranes of RN’s nose, mouth, eyes

32
Q

How is enteric precautions different ?

A

used with Clostridium Difficile (C.Diff)
- wash hands with soap and water (not hand sanitizer) to get rid of spores
- use bleach wipes because it also kills spores

32
Q

What are precautions for contact transmission ?

A
  • private room, gown and gloves, wash and hands
  • with reusable items you need to clean them and disinfect them
  • with transport instructions you need to cover them with clean sheets and clean with approved disinfectant after transporting pt’s
33
Q

What precautions are used for droplet transmission ?

A
  • private room, mask or respirator (refer to agency policy), wash hands
  • place surgical mask on patient prior to pt leaving room
  • transporter: no mask
34
Q

What is airborne precautions used for ?

A

transmitted by the airborne route via micro particle droplets that can remain suspended in the air for long periods of time, be dispersed by air currents, and be inhaled by a susceptible host

35
Q

What precautions are used for airborne transmission ?

A
  • private room with negative-pressure, room door shall be kept closed
  • mask: respirator (N95 mask)
  • surgical mask and yellow gown must be placed on patient
  • if pt has chickenpox then cover all draining lesions
36
Q

What is protective environment used for ?

A

used in limited populations with people who are at high risk for infections
- “reverse isolation”
- Ex.) transplant pt’s, stem cell transplants

37
Q

What precautions are used for pt’s in a protective environment ?

A
  • mask to be worn by pt when out of room
  • positive airflow room
  • pt can’t have dried or fresh flowers or potted plans in room
  • food has to be cooked well (no raw food)
38
Q

What are some diseases we use contact precautions for ?

A
  • MRSA
  • VRE
  • C.Diff (enteric also)
39
Q

What are some diseases we use droplet precautions for ?

A
  • Meningitis
  • Rubella
  • Influenza
  • Pertussis
  • RSV
40
Q

What are some diseases we use airborne precautions for ?

A
  • TB
  • Chickenpox
41
Q

Why might we use protective environment precautions for ?

A

stem cell transplants

Fundamentals of Nursing (14 decks)

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