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Gas exchange and gas transport Flashcards

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1
Q

is oxygen very soluble in plasma

A

no

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2
Q

what is oxygen bound to in the blood

A

It is bound to haemoglobin (Hb) to form oxyhaemoglobin

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3
Q

when does the oxygen dissociation curve flatten

A

at higher levels of saturation

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4
Q

How does Hypoventilation/hyperventilation affect arterial O2 content

A

little change

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5
Q

what is P50

A

P50 is the partial pressure of oxygen at which 50% of Hb is saturated

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6
Q

what does the affinity of Hb for Oxygen depend on

A

pH, CO2 partial pressure and temp

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7
Q

what does an increase in the concentration of 2,3-DPG result in

A
  • a shift to the right
    • 2,3-DPG promotes hemoglobin transition from a high-oxygen-affinity state to a low-oxygen-affinity state
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8
Q

what happens if the the oxygen dissociation curve moves to the right

A

if the curve moves to the right means that the affinity is decreased so that there is a larger tendency to release oxygen rather than keep it to itself

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9
Q

what is the oxygen cascade

A

the oxygen cascade is the falling pressure of oxygen from air to mitochondria

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10
Q

what happens to air in upper conducting airways

A

it is humidified and does not participate on gas exchange

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11
Q

what does water vapour do to the ppO2

A

decreases

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12
Q

how does oxygen get transferred from the air to the mitochondria

A

From air → conducting airways → alveoli → interstitial space containing fluid → across the interstitium → red blood cell → bind to Hb → tissue fluid → across cell membrane → mitochondria

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13
Q

describe what happens to HB when oxygen binds to form oxyhaemoglobin

A

it is saturated

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14
Q

what is it called when deoxygenated Hb contains no o2

A

desaturated

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15
Q

what does oxygen delivery (DO2) depend on

A

Oxygen delivery (DO2) depends on cardiac output (CO) and arterial oxygen content (CaO2)

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16
Q

what is the calculation for oxygen delivery (DO2)

A
  • DO2 = CO x CaO2
  • CO = heart rate x stroke volume
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17
Q

what is the equation for oxygen consumption (VO2)

A
  • Oxygen consumption (VO2) = amount of O2 consumed/minute
    • VO2 max = CO x (CaO2 – CvO2)
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18
Q

what does the ratio of oxygen delivery and oxygen consumption in a healthy person

A

At rest in healthy person, DO2 > VO2

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19
Q

how is CO2 carried in the blood

Study These Flashcards
A
  • 30% of CO2 carried as carbaminohaemoglobin
  • 10% of CO2 is carried dissolved in plasma
  • 60% of CO2 is transported as bicarbonate ions
    • CO2 + H2O ↔ H2CO3 ↔ H+ + HCO3 –
      Enzyme: carbonic anhydrase
20
Q

what are some characteristics of H+ in the blood

Study These Flashcards
A
  • there is a high concentration of H+ in RBC
  • the membrane is impermeable to H+
21
Q

what is the Haldane effect

Study These Flashcards
A
  • when Hb becomes deoxygenated in tissues it can take up more CO2
  • in alveoli, oxygenation of Hb results in the release of CO2
22
Q

what is respiratory acidosis

Study These Flashcards
A

bicarbonate and deoxygenated Hb bind and release CO2 according to the pH

23
Q

what is the respiratory quotient

Study These Flashcards
A

this is the ratio of CO2 production to O2 consumption

24
Q

what is PAO2, PACO2, PaO2

Study These Flashcards
A
  • PAO2 = alveolar partial pressure of oxygen
  • PACO2 = alveolar partial pressure of carbon dioxide
  • PaO2 = arterial partial pressure of oxygen
25
what is acinus
a unit of respiratory function distal to the terminal bronchioles comprising of the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli
26
what is it called when many acinar are together
pulmonary lobule
27
what are pulmonary lobules seperated by
septae
28
what is the importance of structural interdependence in acinar
prevent collapse of an individual unit
29
what does the number and size of alveoli depend on
No of alveoli depends on height of individual, size depends on volume of air in lungs
30
what are alveoli lined by
thin layer of unciliated squamous epithelial cells
31
where are type 1 pneumocytes
rest on the Basement Membrane and interface closely with capillary membrane = alveolar-capillary unit
32
what is in the interstitial space
Interstitial space contains pulmonary capillaries, elastin and collagen fibres
33
where are type 2 pneumocytes
- found at the junction between alveoli and produce surfactant which reduced surface tension
34
what are club cells/ bronchiolar exocrine cells
Club cells (Bronchiolar exocrine cells) in alveolar fluid produce glycosaminoglycans
35
what is the insterstitium
The Interstitium is a microscopic space between the alveoli and the pulmonary capillary wall
36
what are factors that affect diffusion
- thickness of membrane - surface area of membrane - solubility of gas in the membrane - molecular weight of gas
37
how can movement of O2 be estimated
The amount of CO transferred across/minute is estimated using a single-breath method-This is called TLCO/DLCO
38
what is TLCO reduced by
- TLCO will be reduced in conditions that affect: - The surface area available for gas exchange = emphysema - Thickening of the membrane = pulmonary fibrosis
39
what is carboxyhaemoglobin (COHb)
is formed when Carbon Monoxide (CO) binds to Hb
40
does haemoglobin have a higher affinity for O2 compared to CO
no
41
what are the clinical symptoms for Co poisoning
headaches, N+ V, dizziness, lethargy; weakness, confusion, coma and death within hours
42
what is methaemoglobin (MetHb)
Methaemoglobin (MetHb) arises when the Iron component in haemoglobin is oxidised so that it is in the ferric state (Fe3+)
43
what is the binding like for MetHb
MetHb is unable to bind O2 and therefore cannot participate in O2 transport
44
what are the causes of MetHb
Congenital/idiopathic methaemoglobinaemia Infants become cyanosed Acquired MetHB: post exposure to chemicals (anaesthetics, nitrobenzene, specific antibiotics )
45
what is Congenital/idiopathic methaemoglobinaemia
this genetic defect leads to a deficiency of a certain enzyme, or protein. This protein is responsible for converting methemoglobin to hemoglobin
46
what is cyanosis
happens when there's not enough oxygen in your blood, or you have poor blood circulation

Heart, Lungs and Blood (51 decks)

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