Respiratory microanatomy

Question 1

what are bronchioles

Answer 1

air conducted passways

Question 2

what are the smallest bronchioles

Answer 2

terminal bronchioles

Question 3

where to terminal bronchioles lead

Answer 3

respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts

Question 4

what do the alveolar ducts lead to

Answer 4

alvolar sacs then the alveoli

Question 5

what is the blue structure?

Answer 5

supporting cartilage

Question 6

do bronchioles contain large cartilage plates in their submucosa

Answer 6

no

Question 7

do bronchioles contain glands in their submucosa

Answer 7

no

Question 8

do bronchioles contain a layer of smooth muscle in their submucosa

Answer 8

yes

Question 9

what are the features of Clara cells

Answer 9

tall
columnar
non-ciliated
dome-shaped
apical ends (apex)

Question 10

what cells are in the primary bronchiole

Answer 10

goblet cells
Clara cells
ciliated simple columnar & cuboidal cells

Question 11

what is the epithelium of the primary bronchiole consist of

Answer 11

ciliated simple columnar & cuboidal cells
Clara cells

Question 12

what happens to the primary bronchiole as you move distally

Answer 12

diameter decreases
transition to simple ciliated columnar epithelium with clara cells instead of goblet cells

Question 13

what are the blue yellow and orange structures

Answer 13

Clara cells, ciliated simple columnar cells, cuboidal cells

Question 14

what are the blue, yellow and green structures

Answer 14

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium and goblet cells

Question 15

what happens to the lumen when a patient has bronchial asthma

Answer 15

mucus in the lumen

Question 16

what happens to the bronciolar wall when a patient has bronchial asthma

Answer 16

thicker due to muscle hypertrophy

Question 17

what happens to the blood vessels if the patient has bronchial asthma

Answer 17

inflammation and enlarged blood vessels

Question 18

what are curschmanns spirals

Answer 18

spiral-shaped mucus plugs

Question 19

where are curschmanns spirals found

Answer 19

the sputum obtains from tracheal and bronchoalveolar lavage

Question 20

where does curschmanns spirals originate from

Answer 20

small bronchioles

Question 21

what are curschmanns spirals associated with

Answer 21

chronic lesions

Question 22

what are features of respiratory bronchioles

Answer 22

• thinner walls
• smaller number of alveoli
• simple cuboidal and columnar epithelium
• more clara cells
• some ciliated cells

Question 23

what are alveolar ducts

Answer 23

linear airways with multiple alveoli along the duct

Question 24

what are the cells within the alveolar ducts

Answer 24

smooth muscle and simple cuboidal epithelium

Question 25

what are the structures in this picture

Answer 25

Question 26

where are alveolar macrophages present

Answer 26

connective tissues of the septum lumen of the alveoli

Question 27

what are all the structures in the resp tract

Answer 27

- olfactory epithelium (nasal cavity) - trachea - bronchi (primary/main, secondary/lobar and tertiary/segmental) - terminal bronchiole - respiratory bronchiole - alveolar ducts - pores of Kohn - alveolar sacs

Question 28

what do goblet cells look like

Answer 28

white

Question 29

what are all of these

Answer 29

O: olfactory cells S: sustentacular cells B: basal cells V: olfactory vesicles

Question 30

what do basal cells do

Answer 30

stem cells from which new olfactory cells can develop

Question 31

where are basal cells found

Answer 31

- lie closest to the basement membrane of the olfactory epithelium. - furthest from the lumen.

Question 32

what are olfactory cells

Answer 32

receptors that are responsible for our sense of smell

Question 33

where are olfactory cells found

Answer 33

between sustentacular and basal cells

Question 34

what does the cell body of the olfactory cell looks like

Answer 34

central bulge that containts the nucleus

Question 35

what comes off the central body of olfactory cells

Answer 35

two cytoplasmic processes that extend towards the epithelium surface and the basement membrane

Question 36

what is the process of the olfactory cell that goes towards the epithelium surface

Answer 36

dendritic process that ends to the ciliated olfactory vesicle

Question 37

what is the process of the olfactory cell that goes towards the basement membrane

Answer 37

proximal process which participates in the formation of synaptic connections in the olfactory bulb

Question 38

what are sustentacular cells

Answer 38

olfactory receptor support cells

Question 39

where are sustentacular cells found

Answer 39

Extend a more bulky cytoplasm towards the olfactory epithelium and a narrow side towards the basement membrane.

Question 40

what are these structures

Answer 40

OC: olfactory receptor cells N: nerves ON: olfactory nerve

Question 41

how do you stain nerves

Answer 41

immunostaining of nuerofilament proteins

Question 42

what cells are within the trachea

Answer 42

M: muscle Joins the two ends of the trachea cartilage. Part of a ligament that includes elastic fibres. S: submucosa C: cartilage E: epitheliumPseudostratified epithelium of ciliated columnar cells including goblet cells. G: seromucous glands

Question 43

what cells are within the broncho wall

Answer 43

Ep: epithelium Pseudostratified epithelium of ciliated columnar cells including goblet cells, basal cells and neuroendocrine cells. El: elastin C: cartilage SM: smooth muscle G: seromucous glands

Question 44

what cells are within the bronchi epithelium

Answer 44

E: elastin fibres C: columnar ciliated cells I: intermediate cells B: basal cells NE: neuroendocrine cells, appear close to the basement membrane like basal cells, but have a dark stained nucleus and a clear cytoplasm. They secrete hormones and peptides.

Question 45

what cells are within the bronchioles

Answer 45

M: muscle, submucosal. E: epithelium consists of columnar epithelial cells and it is not pseudostratified. Some goblet cells and neuroendocrine cells can be found B: bronchiole PA: pulmonary artery There are no seromucous glands.

Question 46

what are type I pneumocytes

Answer 46

squamous epithelial cells and carry out gas exchange. Provide 90% of the alveolar surface area.

Question 47

what are type II pneumocytes

Answer 47

cuboidal epithelial cells with a dome shape and project into the lumen. These are secretory cells that secrete a surfactant that covers the surface of the alveoli and reduces surface tension, protecting the alveoli from collapsing.

Question 48

label these structures

Answer 48

AS: alveolar sacs AD: alveolar ducts T: terminal bronchiole R: respiratory bronchiole

Question 49

what are pores of Kohn

Answer 49

provide communication between alveoli and allow for quick and even air distribution in the lung.