the pleura and the lungs

Question 1

what are the layers of the thoracic wall

Answer 1

• Skin
• Superficial fascia and fat
• Deep fascia – pectoralis fascia
• Muscles – pectoralis major and minor, serratus anterior, intercostal muscles
• Endothoracic fascia
• Parietal pleura
• Pleural space
• Visceral pleura and lungs

Question 2

what are the parts of the thoracic cavity

Answer 2

2x Pulmonary cavities: 2x pleural cavities and lungs
Mediastinum

Question 3

what are the 2 pleura in the thoracic cavity

Answer 3

• Parietal pleura
• Visceral pleura

Question 4

what is the pleural cavity

Answer 4

• Pleural cavity: potential space between the layers of pleura
  
  • Pleural cavity contains pleural fluid.

Question 5

what are the parts of the parietal pleura

Answer 5

• Parietal: lines the pulmonary cavities in the thoracic cavity.
  
  • Costal part – thoracic wall
  • Mediastinal part – mediastinum
  • Diaphragmatic part – the superior surface of the diaphragm
  • Cervical pleura – lung apex

Question 6

what is the visceral pleura

Answer 6

invests the parenchyma of the lungs

Question 7

what is a pleural reflection

Answer 7

change in direction of pleura from one wall of pleural cavity to another.

Question 8

what are the different parts of the pleural reflection

Answer 8

sternal
costal
vertebral

Question 9

what is the pleural recesses

Answer 9

larger pleural spaces, allow for lung expansion in forced inspiration.

Question 10

what are the parts of the pleural recesses

Answer 10

• Costodiaphragmatic recess
• Costomediastinal recess

Question 11

where are the lungs located

Answer 11

within each pulmonary cavity, surrounded by visceral pleura.

Question 12

what is the apex of the lungs

Answer 12

covered by cervical pleura, extends into the root of the neck

Question 13

where is the base of the lungs

Answer 13

lays on each hemi-diaphragm

Question 14

what are the lobes of the lung

Answer 14

superior, middle (right only), inferior

Question 15

what are the fissures of the lung

Answer 15

oblique (both), horizontal (right only)

Question 16

what are the surfaces of the lung

Answer 16

costal, diaphragmatic, mediastinal

Question 17

what are the borders of the lung

Answer 17

anterior, posterior, inferior

Question 18

label this diagram

Answer 18

Question 19

label this diagram

Answer 19

Question 20

label this diagram

Answer 20

Question 21

label this diagram

Answer 21

Question 22

label this diagram

Answer 22

Question 23

label this diagram

Answer 23

Question 24

label this diagram

Answer 24

Question 25

label this diagram

Answer 25

Question 26

label this diagram

Answer 26

Question 27

what is a lingula

Answer 27

Any of several tongue-shaped bony structures, especially that which forms the anterior border of the mandibular foramen.

Question 28

what are the features that the left lung has

Answer 28

- Lingula - Cardiac notch - Lobes - Fissures - Surfaces - Borders

Question 29

what are the features that the right lung has

Answer 29

- Lobes - Fissures - Surfaces - Borders

Question 30

what is the bronchopulmonary segment

Answer 30

portion of lung supplied by a specific segmental bronchus and its vessels

Question 31

what are features of bronchopulmonary segments

Answer 31

Apices faces root, base face pleural surface

Question 32

how many bronchopulmonary segments does the right lung have

Answer 32

10

Question 33

how many bronchopulmonary segments does the left lung have

Answer 33

8-10

Question 34

what level is the trachea at

Answer 34

c6

Question 35

what level is the primary/main bronchi at

Answer 35

t4/t5

Question 36

what are features of the right primary bronchus

Answer 36

short wide verticle

Question 37

what are features of the left primary bronchus

Answer 37

long narrow inferolateral

Question 38

what is the respiratory bronchial tree

Answer 38

- Trachea (C6) - Primary/main bronchi (T4/5) - Secondary/lobar bronchi (2x left, 3x right) - Tertiary/segmental bronchi - Terminal bronchioles - Respiratory bronchioles (RB) - Alveolar ducts and sac - Alveoli

Question 39

where are bronchopulmonary segments found

Answer 39

tertiary bronchus

Question 40

how are lungs connected to the mediastinum

Answer 40

by the root

Question 41

what is the root

Answer 41

structures entering and exiting the hilum of the lung

Question 42

what are examples of roots

Answer 42

- Pulmonary artery - Pulmonary veins (superior and inferior) - Bronchial artery (2x left, 1x right) and vein - Main bronchus - Pulmonary plexus - Lymphatic vessels

Question 43

what is the hilum

Answer 43

wedge-shaped depression when structures enter and exit

Question 44

what is the pleural sleeve

Answer 44

reflection from parietal to visceral pleura, surrounding the root of the lung

Question 45

what is the pulmonary ligament

Answer 45

inferior continuation of the pleural sleeve

Question 46

what does pulmonary circulation do

Answer 46

supplies the lung parenchyma, involved in gas exchange

Question 47

what vessels are involved in pulmonary circulation

Answer 47

- Pulmonary arteries (right and left) - Pulmonary veins (right superior and inferior, left superior and inferior)

Question 48

where do pulmonary arteries do

Answer 48

- Pulmonary arteries arise from pulmonary trunk directly from the right ventricle of the heart. - Pulmonary arteries divide down in similar pattern to the bronchial tree travelling with corresponding bronchi.

Question 49

what do pulmonary veins do

Answer 49

Pulmonary veins drain from segmental veins, merging to form 4 pulmonary veins that drain into the left atrium of the heart.

Question 50

what is bronchial circulation

Answer 50

Supplies the tracheobronchial tree (to RB), root of the lung, supporting lung tissue, visceral pleura

Question 51

what vessels are involved in bronchial circulation

Answer 51

- Bronchial arteries (2x left, 1x right) - Bronchial veins (right and left)

Question 52

what do bronchial arteries do

Answer 52

left side arise from thoracic aorta, right arise from trunk with the left superior bronchial artery or right 3rd posterior intercostal artery.

Question 53

what do bronchial veins do

Answer 53

Bronchial veins only drain proximal structures at the root. Right drain into azygos vein, left drain into accessory hemi-azygos vein.

Question 54

what innervates the parietal pleura

Answer 54

Sensory: phrenic n. (C3-5), intercostal n.

Question 55

what innervates the visceral pleura

Answer 55

Sensory: sympathetic trunk (T2-6)