gas exchange in mammals

Question 1

name what the gas exchange system in mammals consists of

Answer 1

-larynx
-trachea
-bronchi
-bronchioles
-alveoli
-pleural membranes
-ribs
-intercostal muscles
-diargphram

Question 2

what is the larynx and what does it contain and what does this enable

Answer 2

this is the voice box and it contain the vocal cords enabling sound to be produced

Question 3

what is the trachea and what does it connect

Answer 3

its a pipe that connects the lungs to the pharynx

Question 4

what does the trachea have and what does this prevent

Answer 4

the trachea has C-shaped rings of cartilage that prevent the trachea collapsing when the pressure in the lungs are negative

Question 5

what do C-shaped rings of cartilage do

Answer 5

the prevent the trachea from collapsing when pressure in the lungs are negative

Question 6

what is the bronchi and what does it do

Answer 6

2 bronchi branch of the lower end of the trachea delivering air to each lung

Question 7

what do bronchi have and what does this prevent

Answer 7

bronchi have rings of cartilage which prevent the bronchi from collapsing

Question 8

what prevent the bronchi from collapsing

Answer 8

the rings of cartilage

Question 9

what are the bronchioles and what do they do

Answer 9

they are smaller branches from the bronchi delivering air to all parts of the lungs

Question 10

what permits constriction to control the flow of air in and out of the alveoli

Answer 10

muscle permits constriction to control the flow of air in and out of the alveoli

Question 11

what is alveoli the site of

Answer 11

gas exchange

Question 12

way do alveoli consist of

Answer 12

sacs of air surrounded by flattened squamous epithelial

Question 13

what does the large number of alveoli provide

Answer 13

a massive surface are to the lungs

Question 14

what do the flattened epithelial cells provide

Answer 14

a short diffusion path

Question 15

what are the alveoli surrounded by and what do they do

Answer 15

alveoli are surrounded by capillaries which maintain a concentration gradient

Question 16

what do capillaries do

Answer 16

they maintain a concentration gradient

Question 17

what does the blood contain and what does it do

Answer 17

the blood contains haemoglobin which transports oxygen away from the gas exchange surface

Question 18

what does haemoglobin do

Answer 18

transports oxygen away from the gas exchange surface

Question 19

where does carbon dioxide diffuse from and into

Answer 19

it diffuses form the plasma into the alveoli

Question 20

why does carbon dioxide diffuse into the alveoli

Answer 20

to be excreted

Question 21

what do the pleural membranes surround and what do they do

Answer 21

they surround the lungs and secret pleural fluid

Question 22

what are the pleural membranes involved in

Answer 22

the pleural membranes are involved in negative pressure breathing

Question 23

what is the function of the ribs

Answer 23

to protect the heart and lungs

Question 24

where are the intercostal muscles

Answer 24

they sit between the ribs

Question 25

what happens when the intercostal muscles contract

Answer 25

the contraction of these muscles raises the rib cage in ventilation

Question 26

what is the diaphragm

Answer 26

its a muscle that separates the thorax and abdomen

Question 27

what does the contraction of the diaphragm do

Answer 27

contraction if this muscle pulls the diaphragm down in ventilation

Question 28

what lung structures have cartilage to prevent collapse

Answer 28

bronchi and trachea

Question 29

what is the gas exchange surface of a mammal

Answer 29

alveoli

Question 30

in the trachea what do the goblet cells in the ciliated epithelial layer produce and what does that do

Answer 30

they produce mucus which trap particles in inspired air

Question 31

where are goblet cells within the trachea found

Answer 31

in the ciliated epithelial layer

Question 32

what does cilia do and why

Answer 32

they sweep the mucus upwards to the pharynx so that they can't reach the lungs

Question 33

where does cilia sweet the mucus up towards

Answer 33

the pharynx

Question 34

what does the rings of cartilage do

Answer 34

they prevent the trachea form collapsing during inspiration

Question 35

why are the rings of cartilage slightly incomplete

Answer 35

as it allows the trachea to slightly collapse web food bases down the oesophagus

Question 36

what happens to the oesophagus when the trachea collapses slightly so food can pass down and why

Answer 36

the oesophagus increase in size so its easier for food to pass down

Question 37

what does the smooth muscle enable the trachea to do and why

Answer 37

to reduce its diameter to make coughs more forceful

Question 38

why is the smooth muscle enabling the trachea to reduce its diameter useful for

Answer 38

for coughing when trying to expel material

Question 39

what do many alveoli give

Answer 39

a large surface area for gas exchange

Question 40

what do alveoli have which gives it a short diffusion path way

Answer 40

a single later of squamous epithelial cells

Question 41

what does the dense network of capillaries close to the alveoli provide

Answer 41

a short diffusion pathway, a large surface area and circulation of blood maintains a diffusion gradient

Question 42

what in the alveoli maintains a diffusion gradient

Answer 42

the capillaries as they circulation of blood maintains a diffusion gradient

Question 43

why are alveoli moist

Answer 43

so that gases can dissolve

Question 44

what does surfactant in the alveoli reduce and what does it prevent

Answer 44

its reduces the tension of water and prevent the alveoli from collapsing and sticking together

Question 45

what do premature babies not produce and wear can they be treated with and why

Answer 45

premature babies don't produce surfactant and can be treated with surfactant so that their alveoli remain open

Question 46

what is ventilation in mammals by

Answer 46

negative pressire

Question 47

what does ventilation movements do

Answer 47

bring oxygenated air to the lungs and remove carbon dioxide rich air from the lungs

Question 48

what does ventilation maintain by bringing oxygenated blood and removing carbon dioxide rich air from the lungs

Answer 48

it maintains a concentration between the blood and alveoli

Question 49

what happens to the intercostal muscles during inspiration and what does this cause

Answer 49

the intercostal muscles contract pulling the rib cage uo and out

Question 50

what happens to the diaphragm during inspiration and what does this cause

Answer 50

the diaphragm contracts, pulling the diaphragm downwards and flattering it

Question 51

what happens to the external pleural membrane during inspiration

Answer 51

its pulled outwards

Question 52

what happens to the pressure in plural cavity during inspiration

Answer 52

the pressure in the pleural cavity decreases

Question 53

what happens to the inner pleural membrane during inspiration and what does this cause

Answer 53

the inner pleural membrane moves outwards to the negative pressure which pulls o the lungs and expands the alveoli

Question 54

what happens to the bolus and pressure in the lungs during inspiration

Answer 54

the volume of lungs increases and the pressure decreases

Question 55

what happens to the alveolar pressure and what does this cause the air to do during inspiration

Answer 55

the alveolar pressure falls below that of the atmosphere and air flows in through the trachea, broncho and bronchioles and passes into the delicate alveoli

Question 56

what happens in expiration

Answer 56

the muscles relax and the opposite to inspiration happens