RENAL FINALS Flashcards by hhshsjwy, pmmmamnhwg

The functioning unit of the kidney

Nephron

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Nephron is enclosed by a double-walled chamber called ____________

Bowman’s capsule

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Nephron is consists of:

Glomerulus
Proximal convoluted tubule
Distal and ascending Loop of Henle
Distal convoluted tubule

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reabsorption of 80% of glomerular filtrated water, all of
glucose, amino acids, vitamins, and proteins, most of sodium, chloride, and ascorbic
acid; secretion of creatinine

Proximal convoluted tubule

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secretion of water and all solutes except protein from blood

Glomerulus

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reabsorption of additional water; fluid becomes
neutral in reaction; additional reabsorption of sodium and chloride

Distal and ascending Loop of Henle

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reabsorption of water, sodium, chloride, phosphate, and
sulphate as needed; secretion of potassium, H+ ions, and ammonia

Distal convoluted tubule

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Decrease in urine production

Oliguria

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Factors that affect urine excretion:

Fluid intake
Kidney health
Age

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One of the most revealing tests of kidney function and one of the simplest

Urinalysis

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Absence of urine production

Anuria

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the rate at which substances are filtered from the blood to the urine. measured by
the amount of creatinine (the breakdown of creatine from muscle contraction)

GFR (Glomerular Filtration Rate)

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administration of radioisotopes (a technetium scan) to assess glomeruli filtration ability

Radioisotope Scanning

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Measures glomerular filtration rate determined by a 24-hour urine sample

Creatinine Clearance Rate

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Diagnose the presence of bacteria in urine

Urine Culture

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measures the level of urea in blood and is used to assess glomerular function, or how
well the kidneys can clear this from the bloodstream

BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen)

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can detect differing sizes of kidneys or ureters and can differentiate between solid or cystic kidney masses

Ultrasonography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging

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can provide information about the size and contour of the kidneys

X-ray

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are used to show the size and density of kidney structures and adequacy of urine flow

Computed Tomography

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x-ray study of the upper urinary tract

Intravenous Pyelogram

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a ______ is injected into a peripheral vein, circulates through the bloodstream, and is almost immediately identified as a foreign substance by the kidney and filtered out into the
urine by the glomeruli. X-ray films taken at frequent intervals show the outline of collecting
systems in the kidney and of the ureters as the radiopaque dye passes through them

radiopaque dye

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a study of the lower urinary tract, reveals the structure of the urethra and bladder and
the presence of reflux into the ureters

Voiding Cystourethrogram

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examination of the bladder and ureter openings by direct examination with a cystoscope
introduced through the urethra, done to evaluate for possible vesicoureteral reflux or
urethral stenosis

Cystoscopy

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involves passing a thin biopsy needle into the kidney through the skin over the kidney.

Renal Biopsy

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uses the membrane of the peritoneal cavity for dialysis

Peritoneal Dialysis

The procedure is used to diagnose the extent of renal disease

Renal Biopsy

temporary measure for children who experience sudden renal failure caused by trauma or shock

Peritoneal Dialysis

* Fistula between the bladder and the umbilicus

PATENT URACHUS

_______ the separation and removal of solutes from body fluid by diffusion through a semipermeable membrane.

Dialysis

low-grade fever, mild abdominal pain, and enuresis

Cystitis

enlargement of the pelvis of the kidney with urine as a result of backpressure in the ureter

HYDRONEPHROSIS

removes body wastes by using an external membrane as the diffusion surface. * catheter is inserted into an artery and blood is removed from the child and circulated through a dialysis coil

Hemodialysis

Management for patent urachus:

Surgical Correction

fibrous band that causes the penis to curve downward

Short chordee

EXSTROPHY OF THE BLADDER assessment for males & females:

Males: penis is unformed; Females: urethra abnormally formed

Midline closure defect that occurs during the embryonic period of gestation. The bladder lies open and exposed on the abdomen

EXSTROPHY OF THE BLADDER

A urethral defect in which the urethral opening is not at the end of the penis but on the ventral (lower) aspect of the penis

Hypospadia

A urethral defect in which the urethral opening is not at the end of the penis but on the dorsal aspect of the penis

Epispadia

undescended testes

Cryptorchidism

a surgical procedure in which the urethra is extended to a normal position

Meatotomy

Pathogens appear to enter the urinary tract most often as an ______from the perineum (E. coli)

ascending infection

acute, high fever, abdominal or flank pain, vomiting, and malaise

Pyelonephritis

* occurs more often in females than in males

URINARY TRACT INFECTION

lower UTI seen in young women shortly after they initiate a first sexual relationship

HONEYMOON CYSTITIS

Management of honeymoon cystitis:

* Antibiotics * Voiding after coitus

* Retrograde flow of urine from the bladder into the ureters * Valve that guards the entrance from the bladder to the ureter is defective, either from birth or because of scarring from repeated UTIs, bladder pressure that is stronger than usual, or ureters that are implanted at abnormal sites or angles

VESICOURETHRAL REFLUX

generally caused by obstruction, either of the ureter or of the point where the ureter joins the bladder

HYDRONEPHROSIS

spill albumin into the urine when they stand upright for an extended period

POSTURAL (ORTHOSTATIC) PROTEINURIA

involuntary passage of urine past the age when a child should be expected to have attained bladder control (2 years daytime; 4 years nighttime) * Nocturnal or diurnal

ENURESIS

Lack of growth or that no organ (kidney) formed in utero

KIDNEY AGENESIS

In POSTURAL (ORTHOSTATIC) PROTEINURIA, Urine collected after child has been in ____ then after being active

recumbent position

* large, fluid-filled cysts have formed in place of normal kidney tissue * Kidneys are large and feels spongy

POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY

Assessment of POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY:

* Anuria (bilateral); oliguria (unilateral) * hypertelorism—wide-spaced eyes, epicanthal folds, flattened nose; or micrognathia—small jaw * Transillumination (fluid-filled cysts)

* Hypoplastic kidneys contain fewer lobes than normal kidneys and are small and underdeveloped

RENAL HYPOPLASIA

* severe urinary tract dilation that develops as early as intrauterine life * severe dilation causes backpressure and destruction of kidney

PRUNE BELLY SYNDROME

inflammation of the glomeruli of the kidney usually occurs as an immune complex disease after infection with nephritogenic streptococci (group A beta-hemolytic streptococci)

ACUTE POST STREPTOCCOCAL GLOMERULONEPHRITIS

Inflammation of the glomeruli increases permeability, allowing protein molecules to escape into the filtrate

Hypoalbuminemia

Occur when there is no evidence of a prior infection

IGA GLOMERULONEPHRITIS

IN IGA GLOMERULONEPHRITIS, ________ IS ELEVATED

immunoglobin A

Follows acute glomerulonephritis or nephrotic syndrome

CHRONIC GLOMERULONEPHRITIS

permanent destruction of glomeruli memebranes

Renal biopsy

altered glomerular permeability due to fusion of the glomeruli membrane surfaces, causes abnormal loss of protein in urine

NEPHROTIC SYNDROME

NEPHROTIC SYNDROME FORMS:

Congenital Secondary Idiopathic

NEPHROTIC SYNDROME TYPES:

* Minimal Change nephrotic syndrome * Focal Glumerulosclerosis * Mebranoproliferative glomerulonephritis

reducing symptoms or preventing further relapses on nephrotic syndrome

Immunosuppressants (cyclosporine)

Develops after Henoch-Schonlein purpura as a renal complication

Henoch-Schönlein Syndrome Nephritis

the lining of glomerular arterioles becomes inflamed, swollen, and occluded with particles of platelets and fibrin

HEMOLYTIC-UREMIC SYNDROME

red blood cells and platelets are damaged as they flow through the partially occluded blood vessels and destroyed by the spleen causing haemolytic anemia

HEMOLYTIC-UREMIC SYNDROME

HEMOLYTIC-UREMIC SYNDROME is Caused by _____

E. coli

RENAL FINALS Flashcards

(69 cards)