Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

CP2 PAEDS > Gastroenterology > Flashcards

Gastroenterology Flashcards

(99 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Why are children very vulnerable to adverse effects of poor nutrition?

A

Low nutritional stores
High nutritional demands for growth
Rapid neuronal development
Acute illness or surgery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

NICE guidelines infant feeding (4)

A

Exclusive breast feeding 1st 6 months
1st breast feed within first few hrs of life
Skilled proffesionals available
Recommended breast feeding for 1st 12months. Wean after 6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Advantages of breast feeding (6)

A 
Decr GI infection 
Decr LRTI
Decr OME
Protective against NEC in prem babies
Decr incidence of obesity, DM, HTN
INcr relationship with mother
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Complications breast feeding (8)

A 
Hard to measure intake
Harrd for >2 children births
Hard in pre-term babies
Hard to obtain sufficient milk 
Transmission - infection, drugs, nicotine/dx/alcohol
Breast milk jaundice
Vit K deficiency
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Benefit of Colostrum

A

Incr proteinn + Immunoglobulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Weaning off breast milk

A

Begin w/ purified foods
A few tsp when child is not hungry or tired
Gradually increased the no’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

When can pasteurised cows milk been given on?

A

1 year

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is pasteurised milk deficient in?

A

VIt A,C,D

Iron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Who are specialised formulas used for? (3)

A

Cows milk allergy/intolerance
CF
Neonatal cholestatic liver disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is semi-hydrolysed milk used for?

A

Prophylactic use

Aim of reducing risk of cowsmilk protein allergy where there is FHx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Mild FTT on a growth chart

A

2 centiles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Severe FTT on a growth chart

A

3 centiles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Red flags FTT (3)

A

Decr wt + decr head length/head circumference
Developmental delay
Delayed puberty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Organic causes FTT (4)

A

Decr absorption - coeliac, CF, CMPA, post NEC
Catabolic state
Poor retention - vom, GORD
Cant use nutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Non-organic causes FTT (3)

A

Inadequate food
Psychosocial deprivation
Neglect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Mx FTT (3)

A

HV assess eating + provide support
Paeds dietician
SALT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is PYMS

A

Paeds equivalent of MUST

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Step 1 - PYMS

A

BMI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Step 2 - PYMS

A

Score % decr W

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Step 3 - PYMS

A

Assess recent change in diet/nutrtional support incl reduced intake

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Step 4 - PYMS

A

Note risk of being undernourishedduring hospital admission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Step 5 - PYMS

A

Use Mx guidelines +/or local policy to develop care plan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Causes of malnutrition (5)

A 
Poverty 
Neglect
Restrictive diets 
Illness 
ED
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Consequences of malnutrition (4)

A

Impaired immunity
Delayed wound healing
Incr morbidity/mortality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is Anthropometry
Skinfold thickness of triceps
26
Features of Marasmus (3)
Wasted appearance Decr middle arm circumference Incr skinfold thickness
27
Features of Kwashiokor (8)
``` Generalised oedema Severe wasting Distended abdomen Hepatomegaly Angular stomatitis Diarrhoea Hypothermia Decr HR + BP ```
28
When does Kwashiokor occur?
After acute infection
29
What should an infant be eating @ 7-6m
Wider variety of foods, textures + tastes
30
What should an infant be eating @9-12months
3 meals a day + healthy snacks
31
What food groups should be avoided during weaning? (6)
``` Salt sugar Honey Shark, Marlin, Swordfish Raw eggs Whole nuts ```
32
Overweight
>91st centile
33
Obese
>98th centile
34
Complications of being obese (9)
``` Ortho - slipped upper femoral epiphysis, Blounts Headaches Hypoventilation syndrome/OSA GB disease PCOS T2DM HTN Asthma Incr Ca risk - endometrial, breast, colonic ```
35
What is over-feeding?
Consuming more milk than required for growth + energy
36
Signs of over-feeding (8)
``` Incr W gain > 8 wet nappies /day Sloppy foul bowels Extreme flatulence Belching Milk regurg Irritability Sleep disturbance ```
37
Freq of Stool's 1st week of life
4/day
38
Freq of stool 1st year of life
2/day
39
Causes of normal constipation (3)
Dehydration Problems w/ toilet training Refusal/anxiety
40
Causes of constipation (medical) (7)
``` Hirschprungs Anorectal abnormalities Hypothyroidism Hyerpcalcaemia Dehydration Anal fissure Anxiety/refusal ```
41
Red Flag Sx constipation (8)
``` Failure to pass meconium in 48hrs Constipation in first few w of life Ribbon stools FTT Gross abdo distension Abnorm L limb neurology/deformity Sacral dimple above natal cleft Perianal bruising + fissures ```
42
Mx simple constipation (4)
Mild laxatives Incr fl intake Encourage child to sit on loo after meal Reward scheme
43
Mx longstanding constipation (4)
``` Disimpaction regime Movicol - osmotic Senna - stimulant Polyethylene glycol - maintenance Surgical if all above fails ```
44
Encopresis
When toilet trained children soil their clothes
45
What is the vast majority (80%) of Encopresis caused by?
Severe constipation + overflow
46
Functional encopresis
Soiling with no evidence of constipation or impaction
47
Causes of functional encopresis (5)
``` Early in toilet training EMotional Lack self confidence/embarrassment Manipulate the surrounding enviro IBS ```
48
Support available for soiling
``` Address childs behavoir + sit on toilet Rewards Tx underlying conditions Rx to paeds gastro Lots of info online + support ```
49
What is Hirschprungs
Absence of ganglion cells in mesenteric plexus
50
Appearance of bowel in Hirshprungs
Narrow contracted segment of bowel
51
What % of Hirshprungs is confined to the recto-sigmoid
75%
52
What % of Hirshprungs involves the entire colon
10%
53
Who is more likely to get Hirshprungs?
Males | Downs syndrome
54
PS Hirshprung's in neonatal period
Intestinal obstructoin No mec passed in 24hrs Abdo distention Bile stained vom
55
PS Hirshprungs later in childhood
Chronic constipation Abdo distention Growth failure
56
O/E Hirshprungs
Rectum = narrow | Removal finger --> gush of stool
57
`Ix Hirshprungs
Suction rectal biopsy Absence ganglion cells Presence large ACH + nn trunks
58
Mx Hisrchprungs
Surg = anorectal pull through
59
Complications Hirshprungs
Enterocolitis | (mort = 10%0
60
What is gastroenteritis
Inflammation of the stomach and intestines
61
Causes GE (6)
``` ROTAVIRUS Norovirus Campy Shigella Salmonella E coli ```
62
RF GE (3)
ICC Poor hygiene/sanitation Poor food hygiene
63
PS GE (3)
Sudden onset vom/diarrhoea Febrile Dehydrated
64
Diagnostic indications GE
``` Temp >< 38 SOB RR Altered consciousness Bulging fontanelle Rash Blood/mucus stool Bilious vom Abdo pain ```
65
When would you send a stool sample for GE?
If suspect sepsis | Or blood/mucus in stools
66
General appearance: no dehydration vs dehydration vs shock
No - appears wells Deh - appears unwell or deteriorating Shock - appears unwell or deteriorating
67
Conscious level - no dehydration vs dehydration vs shock
No - alert + responsive Clinical dehydr - altered responsiveness Shock - decr level of consciousness
68
UO - no dehydration vs dehydration vs shock
No - normal Dehydration - decreased Shock - decreased
69
Skin colour - no dehydration vs dehydration vs shock
No - norm Dehydr - norm shock - pale/mottled
70
Extremitis no dehydration vs dehydration vs shock
No - warm Dehydr - warm Shock - cold
71
Eyes - no dehydration vs dehydration vs shock
No - norm Dehydr - sunken Shock - grossly sunken
72
Mucous membranes - no dehydration vs dehydration vs shock
No - moist Dehydr - dry Shock - dry
73
Heart rate - no dehydration vs dehydration vs shock
No - norm Dehydr - tachyC Shock - tachyc
74
Breathing - no dehydration vs dehydration vs shock
No - norm Dehydr - tachypnoea Shock - tachypnoea
75
Peripheral pulses - no dehydration vs dehydration vs shock
No - norm Dehydr - norm Shock - weak
76
CRT - no dehydration vs dehydration vs shock
No - norm Dehydr - norm Shock - prolonged
77
Skin turgor - no dehydration vs dehydration vs shock
No - norm Dehydr - reduced Shock -reduced
78
BP no dehydration vs dehydration vs shock
No - norm Dehydr - Norm Shock - HoTN
79
Mx of GE w/ no dehydration
Continue br feeding Encourage fl intake Discouarage fruit/fizzy drinks ORS as supplemental fl
80
Mx of GE w/ Clinical dehydration
ORS - 50ml/kg over 4h + maintenance fl
81
Mx of GE with shock
Rapid infusion 0.9% saline 100ml/kg 1st 10kg, then 50 for next 10 then 20 Continue breast feeding if possible Monitoring U+E
82
How long does diarrhoea last GE
stops by 2w
83
How long does vomiting last GE
3 days
84
What is post GE syndrome?
Watery discharge due to temporary lactose intolerance
85
Mx post GE syndrome
ORT 24hrs
86
UGI Sx CMPA (3)
Vomiting Feed aversion Pain
87
Small intestine Sx CMPA
Diarrhoea ABdo pain FTT
88
Why can CMPA occur in breast fed infants?
Because if mother ingests cows milk herself
89
Mx CMPA
Limit CMP Hydrolysed formula After weaning intro cows milk 6-12m (challenge)
90
What is the most common cause of persistent loose stools in pre-school children?
Toddlers diarrhoea
91
Features of toddlers diarrhoea
Pale + foul smelling Presence of undigested veggies Child = well + thriving
92
By what age does most of toddlers diarrhoea resovle by
5y
93
What is GOR
Involuntary passage of gastric contents into oesophagus causing harm
94
Causes of GOR (7)
``` Inapprop relaxation LOS b/c functional immaturity Fluid diet + horizontal posture Hiatus hernia Incr gastric P gastric hypersecretion Allergy CNS disorders ```
95
PS GOR
``` Rec regurg/vom Choking Resp problems - cough, apnoea, wheeze, aspiration FTT Heart burn ```
96
Which conditions must you rule out for GOR? (5)
``` Hiatus hernia GE PS UTI CMPA ```
97
Mx GOR
``` Positioning Thickened feeds Small/freq meals Avoid before sleep Avoid fatty foods/citrus Gaviscon/omeprazole/ Prokinetic - domperidone ```
98
Surgical Mx GOR
NIssen fundoplication
99
Complications of nissen fundoplication
Gas bloating syndrome | Dysphagia

CP2 PAEDS (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions