Gastrointestinal Physiology Flashcards
(200 cards)
1
Q
Endocrine secretions of the intestine
A
GIP
CCK
Secretin
Gastrin
Glucagon-Like Peptide (GLP)
2
Q
Then enteric nervous system, endocrine cells, paracrine cells and local tissue factors are examples of ___________ control of the GI tract.
A
Then enteric nervous system, endocrine cells, paracrine cells and local tissue factors are examples of Intrinisic control of the GI tract.
3
Q
Factors that increase blood flow to the GI tract
A
NO
PSNS Stimulation
4
Q
_________ acts on muscarinic receptors, inhibits Somatostatin and promotes histamine and gastrin.
A
AcH acts on muscarinic receptors, inhibits Somatostatin and promotes histamine and gastrin.
5
Q
___________ of the GI tract spontaneously depolarizes and repolarizes
A
Visceral Smooth Muscle of the GI tract spontaneously depolarizes and repolarizes
6
Q
GI: __________: increases the reabsorption of Na+ and increases the secretion of K+, is NOT vasoactive.
A
Aldosterone: increases the reabsorption of Na+ and increases the secretion of K+, is NOT vasoactive.
7
Q
__________
Increases peptic cell secretion
Contraction of LES and pyloric spincter
Increase gastric motility and blood flow
A
Gastrin
8
Q
_____________ are necessary for digestion.
A
Hydrolytic Enzymes are necessary for digestion.
9
Q
_________ drugs block histamine receptors
A
-tidine drugs block histamine receptors
10
Q
In dogs and cats, the pancreas produces ________, which is unlike many other species.
A
In dogs and cats, the pancreas produces GIF, which is unlike many other species.
11
Q
__________ use water to break bonds
A
Hydrolytic Enzymes use water to break bonds
12
Q
Peristalsis
A
Movement in the aborad direction
13
Q
Perfusion of the GI tract is controlled by :
A
Autonomic Nervous System
Endocrine Secretion
Paracrine Secretion
Local Tissue Factors
14
Q
HCO3 production is (increased/decreased) by prostaglandins
A
HCO3 production is (increased/decreased) by prostaglandins
15
Q
Preganglionic neurons of the _________ nervous system origniate from the vagus or pelvic nerves to have effect on the GI tract.
A
Preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system origniate from the vagus or pelvic nerves to have effect on the GI tract.
16
Q
__________: increased secretion of HCO3 into the lumen and H into the plasma.
A
Acid Tide: increased secretion of HCO3 into the lumen and H into the plasma.
17
Q
_____________ of the heart allow the action potential to travel the fastest due to the least resistance.
A
Perkinje Fibers of the heart allow the action potential to travel the fastest due to the least resistance.
18
Q
Local tissue factors have a ___________ effect on the blood vessels of the Gi tract
A
Local tissue factors have a vasodilatory effect on the blood vessels of the Gi tract
19
Q
__________ nervous system neurons originates from the craniosacral plexus.
A
Parasympathetic nervous system neurons originates from the craniosacral plexus.
20
Q
________ is only secreated by the salivary glands and follicular cells of the thyroid glands.
A
Iodide is only secreated by the salivary glands and follicular cells of the thyroid glands.
21
Q
__________ secretions of the intestine increase secretion by stimulating crypt cells and are vasodilatory
A
Paracrine secretions of the intestine increase secretion by stimulating crypt cells and are vasodilatory
_____________________
Histamine and Prostaglandin
22
Q
Types of Intestinal secretions
A
Exocrine
Paracrine
Endocrine
23
Q
Antiperistalsis is a prominant feature in what species
A
Equine
______________________
Feature at the pelvic flexure to allow for increased fermentation time
24
Q
___________: paracrine secretion that increases GI motility.
A
Serotonin: paracrine secretion that increases GI motility.
25
Ruminants use salivary glands as
Ruminants use salivary glands as **a source of ruminal and reticular fluid**
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Essential to buffer acid produced by fermentation
26
GI cells throughout their lifetime move from ________ to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
GI cells throughout their lifetime move from **crypt** to **villi**
27
The __________ of the GI tract is largely reabsorptive, especially to Cl and Na.
The **Large Intestine** of the GI tract is largely reabsorptive, especially to Cl and Na.
28
Describe how protein is broken down for absorption
Protein broken down to oligopeptides by protease
Oligopeptides broken down to amino acids by brush border oligopeptidases
29
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_- blood leaving the stomach is markedly alkaline.
**Alkaline Tide**- blood leaving the stomach is markedly alkaline.
30
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and _________ are transported from the pancreas for digestion together.
**Amylase** and **Protease** are transported from the pancreas for digestion together.
31
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: Stimulates gastrin secretion and promotes closrue of the pyloric sphincter with CCK.
**Gastrin**: Stimulates gastrin secretion and promotes closrue of the pyloric sphincter with CCK.
32
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and _______ are products of the parasympathetic nervous system that aid in the perfusion of the GI tract.
**VIP** and **NO** are products of the parasympathetic nervous system that aid in the perfusion of the GI tract.
33
Dogs and cats use salivary glands for \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Dogs and cats use salivary glands for **evaporative cooling**.
34
The composition of saliva is similar to plasma, with the exceptions of
Increased PO4 in ruminant saliva
Increased [I]
35
ACH bound to muscarinic receptors promotes the secretion of _______ from the epithelium.
ACH bound to muscarinic receptors promotes the secretion of **NO** from the epithelium.
36
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ blocks all muscarinc receptors
**Atropine** blocks all muscarinc receptors
37
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ nervous system neurons originates from the thoracolumbar plexus
**Sympathetic** nervous system neurons originates from the thoracolumbar plexus
38
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ control of the GI is achieved through the regulation of perfusion.
**Indirect** control of the GI is achieved through the regulation of perfusion.
39
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: from the SNS vasoconstricts and decreases blood flow of the GI tract.
**Norepinephrine**: from the SNS vasoconstricts and decreases blood flow of the GI tract.
40
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ cells of the GI tract are acid inhibiting by inhibiting gastrin.
**D** cells of the GI tract are acid inhibiting by inhibiting gastrin.
41
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: **stimulated** by acidic luminal pH.
**Stimulates** bile and pancreatic secretion and crypt cell secretion
**Inhibits** gastric secretion, gastric motility and gastric emptying
**Secretin**: stimulated by acidic luminal pH.
Stimulates bile and pancreatic secretion and crypt cell secretion
Inhibits gastric secretion, gastric motility and gastric emptying
42
Antiperistalsis
Movement in the orad direction
43
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ of the heart generates the action potential.
**SA Node** of the heart generates the action potential.
44
Peristalsis occurs in what part of the stomach
Antrum
45
The GI tract can receive up to \_\_\_\_\_\_% of cardiac output.
The GI tract can receive up to **30**% of cardiac output.
46
Proton moves into the GI lumen by way of _________ in the Gastric Parietal Cells.
Proton moves into the GI lumen by way of **H-K ATPase** in the Gastric Parietal Cells.
47
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Increased pancreatic enzyme
Increased pancreatic cell death
Inflammation
Pancreatitis
48
Side effect of -prazole drugs
H+ is sequestered inside the cell which leads to increased pH in the lumen. Can lead to bacterial overgrowth
49
Example of plant beta-polymer carbohydrates
Cellulose
50
Water enters the lumen by osmosis, it follows _________ secretion.
Water enters the lumen by osmosis, it follows **Cl-** secretion.
51
Interstitial cells of the GI tract differ from cardiac pacemaker cells in that
Interstitial cells of the GI tract differ from cardiac pacemaker cells in that **interstital cells dont depolarize all the way to threshold**
52
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Produced by the glandular stomach
Stimulate release of Growth Hormone
Appetite promoting
Peaks right before a meal
Promote food intake by decreasing sensitivity to distention receptors
Ghrelin
53
Transporters on the Parietal Cells of the GI tract
H-K ATPase
HCO3-Cl Exchanger
Cl Channel
K Channel
54
Describe the negative feedback mechanism on D cells of the GI tract
Increased lumen [H+] stimulates D cells
Increased ACH due to the PSNS inhibits D cells
55
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ reflex is initiated by gastric dilation and its effect is peristaltic and mas movement at the distal colon (entry of feces into the rectum)
**Gastrocolic** reflex is initiated by gastric dilation and its effect is peristaltic and mas movement at the distal colon (entry of feces into the rectum)
56
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ nervous system acts as a pre-synaptic inhibitor of GI tract motility
**Sympathetic** nervous system acts as a pre-synaptic inhibitor of GI tract motility
57
The gastrointestinal tract has a protective function due to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
The gastrointestinal tract has a protective function due to **immunocytes**.
58
The exocrine glands make tubular fluid alkaline by reabsorbing __________ and secreting \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
The exocrine glands make tubular fluid alkaline by reabsorbing **Cl-** and secreting **HCO3-**.
59
Phases of Gastric Motility
Cephalic Phase
Gastric Phase
Intestinal Phase
60
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ secretes the majority of hydrolytic enzymes.
**Pancreas** secretes the majority of hydrolytic enzymes.
61
Filtration and flow through the kidney is voluntary/involuntary.
Filtration and flow through the kidney is voluntary/**involuntary**.
62
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
"Inhibitory"
@Stomach: inhibits histamine secreting cells
Somatostatin
63
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ secretion: enters the lumen of the tubular gut at the mouth or small intestine- more alkaline
**Secondary** secretion: enters the lumen of the tubular gut at the mouth or small intestine- more alkaline
64
Regulation of GI function is largely under __________ control.
Regulation of GI function is largely under **CNS** control.
65
T/F: Carbohydrates, Protein and Lipids can be absorbed in the form ingested.
False
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
They must be digested in order to be absorbed
66
\_\_\_\_\_ cells of the GI tract are acid promoting.
**ECL** cells of the GI tract are acid promoting.
67
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ functions to emulsify lipid. Separates lipid into small pieces to increase surface area and keeps the pieces from going back together.
**Bile** functions to emulsify lipid. Separates lipid into small pieces to increase surface area and keeps the pieces from going back together.
68
After _________ flow through the gastrointestinal tract becomes involuntary.
After **swallowing** flow through the gastrointestinal tract becomes involuntary.
69
Describe how carbohydrate is broken down for absorption
Starch/Glycogen broken down to Maltose (and other products) by amylase
Amylase products are broken down into transportable forms by brush border enzymes
70
VIP and AcH in the GI tract promote the production of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
VIP and AcH in the GI tract promote the production of **NO**.
71
Inhibitory motor neurons of the GI tract secrete \_\_\_\_\_\_, ______ and __________ to cause relaxation.
Inhibitory motor neurons of the GI tract secrete **NO**, **VIP** and **ATP** to cause relaxation.
72
Electrolytes that can always be found in the GI lumen
Cl, K, Na and Water
73
H-K ATPase only found in
Gastric Parietal Cells
Alpha Intercalated Cells
74
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ drugs inhibit H-K ATPase transporters
**-prazole** drugs inhibit H-K ATPase transporters
75
CO2, H+ and K+ are examples of
Local Tissue Factors
76
Carbohydrates can be absorbed in ________ and __________ forms.
Carbohydrates can be absorbed in **alpha-polymer** and **beta-polymer** forms.
77
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ stimulates skeletal muscle to contract.
**AcH** stimulates skeletal muscle to contract.
78
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ plays an important role in overall control of insulin relased by beta cells of the pancreas.
**Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (GIP)** plays an important role in overall control of insulin relased by beta cells of the pancreas.
79
There is a significant increase in luminal __________ ports in the colon.
There is a significant increase in luminal **Na uniports** ports in the colon.
80
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ control mechanisms are initiated outside of the GI tract.
**Extrinsic** control mechanisms are initiated outside of the GI tract.
81
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
@ SI: inhibits CCK and Secretin
Slows nutrient absorption
Somatostatin
82
Secretion of amylase begins when
Before ingesta reaches the small intestine
83
\_\_\_\_\_\_ and _______ cells of the stomach can be pharmacologically altered.
**Parietal** and **Mucous** cells of the stomach can be pharmacologically altered.
84
Paracrine secretions of the intestine
Histamine
Prostaglandins
85
Examples of sources of plant alpha-polymer carbohydrates
Amylase
Amylopectin
86
Hormone productionis greatest in what sections of the GI tract
Glandular Stomach
Small Intestine
87
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: stimulated by glucose, monoacylglycerols and fatty acids; promotes the release of insulin.
**GIP**: stimulated by glucose, monoacylglycerols and fatty acids; promotes the release of insulin.
88
GI motility occurs without outside stimulation in response to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
GI motility occurs without outside stimulation in response to **Stretch**.
89
Salivary gland, liver and pancrease secrete ________ secretion.
Salivary gland, liver and pancrease secrete **aqueous** secretion.
90
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ increase uptake of Cl from the basolateral membrane and increase the number of open Cl ports in the luminal membrane.
**Secretagogues** increase uptake of Cl from the basolateral membrane and increase the number of open Cl ports in the luminal membrane.
91
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ inhibits gastrin
**Somatostatin** inhibits gastrin
92
Excitatory motor neurons can be stimulated in the GI tract by
GI itself
CNS
93
Cl- enters the basolateral membrane of GI cells by
Na-K-2Cl Symport
Na-Cl Symport
HCO3- Cl Exchanger
94
Pancreatic disease is assessed through evaluation of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Pancreatic disease is assessed through evaluation of **Plasma [Pancreatic Enzyme]**.
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Pancreatic Lipase Immunoreactivity (PLI)
Trypsin-Like Immunoreactivity (TLI)
95
Bile increases the surface area of lipid in order for ___________ to have better access.
Bile increases the surface area of lipid in order for **Pancreatic Lipases** to have better access.
96
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ nervous system exerts its effect in a particular area of the GI tract.
**Parasympathetic** nervous system exerts its effect in a particular area of the GI tract.
97
Describe the process of GI motility when stimulated by the CNS
Preganglionic neurons from the brain secrete ACH onto nicotinc receptors of the motor neurons
Excitatory motor neurons secrete their products and cause contraction of circular smooth muscle
Inhibitory motor neurons secrete their products and cause relaxation of circular smooth muscle
98
GI:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: increases the absorption of calcium, phorphorus and magnesium
**Calcitriol**: increases the absorption of calcium, phorphorus and magnesium
99
-\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ drugs increase insulin by inhibiting the enzyme (DPP4) that decrades incretins
-**gliptin** drugs increase insulin by inhibiting the enzyme (DPP4) that decrades incretins
100
Paracrine secretions typically have a __________ effect on the blood vessels of the GI tract.
Paracrine secretions typically have a **vasodilatory** effect on the blood vessels of the GI tract.
101
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ - thin layer of alkaline fluid in the glandular stomach, created by mucin trapping HCO3
**Gastric Mucosal Barrier** - thin layer of alkaline fluid in the glandular stomach, created by mucin trapping HCO3
102
Important pancreatic proteases
Trypsinogen
Chymotrypsinogen
Procarboxypeptidase
103
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ glands have an effect on the GI tract but are located outside the gut wall.
**Exocrine** glands have an effect on the GI tract but are located outside the gut wall.
104
Exocrine secretions of the small intestine
Mucin
Guanylin
Enterokinase
105
As cells of the GI tract get older they transition from net __________ to net __________ in function.
As cells of the GI tract get older they transition from net **secretory** to net **absorptive** in function.
106
Antagonists of HCl production
Somatostatin
Prostaglandins
Secretin
CCK
107
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ competitively inhibits gastrin by binding to its receptors.
**CCK** competitively inhibits gastrin by binding to its receptors.
108
Bacteria have developed toxins to stimulate the release of _________ in the GI tract.
Bacteria have developed toxins to stimulate the release of **guanylin** in the GI tract.
109
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ when in decreased concentration in the GI tract stimulate production of AGII and ADH.
**Effective Circulating Hormone (ECH)** when in decreased concentration in the GI tract stimulate production of AGII and ADH.
110
Efferent Neurons are related to _______ responses.
Efferent Neurons are related to **motor** responses.
111
HCO3 production is (increased/decreased) by the SNS
HCO3 production is (increased/**decreased**) by the SNS
112
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ control are mechanisms found entirely within the GI tract.
**Intrinsic** control are mechanisms found entirely within the GI tract.
113
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ phase of gastric motility is characterized by being stimulated by sight, smell and taste, distention of the esophagus and hypoglycemia. The vasovagal reflex stimulates parietal, peptic and mucosal cells.
**Cephalic** phase of gastric motility is characterized by being stimulated by sight, smell and taste, distention of the esophagus and hypoglycemia. The vasovagal reflex stimulates parietal, peptic and mucosal cells.
114
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ cells respond directly to contents of the GI lumen.
**Endocrine** cells respond directly to contents of the GI lumen.
115
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: secreted by crypt cells of the intestine, binds luminal membrane receptors to increas secretion.
**Guanylin**: secreted by crypt cells of the intestine, binds luminal membrane receptors to increas secretion.
116
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: **stimulated by** fatty acids, monoacylglycerols.
**Stimulates** contraction of the gallbladder, pancreatic acinar secretion, crypt cell secretion, bile duct secretion and decreases gastric emptying.
**Inhibits** gastric motility and HCl secretion.
**CCK**: stimulated by fatty acids, monoacylglycerols.
Stimulates contraction of the gallbladder, pancreatic acinar secretion, crypt cell secretion, bile duct secretion and decreases gastric emptying.
Inhibits gastric motility and HCl secretion.
117
Pacemaker cells spontaneously depolarize by
Pacemaker cells spontaneously depolarize by **closing K+ channels**
118
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ reflex is initiated by the CNS and its effect is via the SNS and PSNS to the GI tract.
**Vasovagal** reflex is initiated by the CNS and its effect is via the SNS and PSNS to the GI tract.
119
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is essential for maturation of red blood cells
**Vitamin B12** is essential for maturation of red blood cells
120
The most abundant carbohydrate polymer is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
The most abundant carbohydrate polymer is **cellulose**.
121
PSNS: Preganglionic Neuron secretes _______ onto a __________ receptor. The postganglionic neuron secretes _________ onto a __________ receptor causing \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
PSNS: Preganglionic Neuron secretes **ACH** onto a **Nicotinic** receptor. The postganglionic neuron secretes **ACH** onto a **Muscarinic** receptor causing **dilation**.
122
Digestion requires the __________ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Digestion requires the **Small Intestine** and **Pancreas**.
123
SNS: Preganglionic Neuron secretes _______ onto a __________ receptor. The postganglionic neuron secretes _________ onto a __________ receptor causing \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
SNS: Preganglionic Neuron secretes **ACH** onto a **nicotinic** receptor. The postganglionic neuron secretes **NE** onto a **alpha-1 adrenergic** receptor causing **constriction**.
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
NE also binds to beta-2 adrenergic receptors to cause dilation
124
Exocrine glands of the gastrointestinal tract include
Salivary glands
Pancreas
Liver
125
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ of the heart reaches threshold the fastest
**AV Node** of the heart reaches threshold the fastest
126
Endocrine secretions of the GI tract
Epinephrine
Peptide hormones
Effective Circulating Hormone (ECH)
127
D cells of the GI tract have receptors for
ACH
128
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
@Pancreas: inhibits exocrine secretion and secretion of glucagon by alpha-cells
Inhibit insulin secretion by beta cells
Somatostatin
129
GI: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: (SNS) increases absorption and reabsorption of electrolytes (and water)
**Epinephrine**: (SNS) increases absorption and reabsorption of electrolytes (and water)
130
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ nervous system promotes gastric motility
**Parasympathetic** nervous system promotes gastric motility
131
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ cells of the GI tract are gastrin promoting.
**G** cells of the GI tract are gastrin promoting.
132
Filtration through the kidney is regulated by
Blood Pressure
Neurotransmitter
Hormones
133
There is an increased number of gastric parietal cells in the _______ of the stomach.
There is an increased number of gastric parietal cells in the **Corpus** of the stomach.
134
Cl- in the GI tract drives the secretion of
Na, K and H
135
ECL cells secrete \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
ECL cells secrete **histamine**.
136
Flow of water (increases/decreases) from duodenum to large intestine.
Flow of water (increases/**decreases**) from duodenum to large intestine.
137
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ causes skeletal muscle to relax.
**Lack of AcH** causes skeletal muscle to relax.
138
D Cells in the antrum of the stomach have receptors for
CCK
ACH
139
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ control is the direct interaction of a NT, Hormone, or Paracrine secretion with parts of the GI tract.
**Direct** control is the direct interaction of a NT, Hormone, or Paracrine secretion with parts of the GI tract.
140
Incretins
Substances that stimulate the beta cells of the pancreas to secrete insulin
141
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: from the adrenal medulla has vasoconstrictive and vasodilatory effects in the GI tract.
**Epinephrine**: from the adrenal medulla has vasoconstrictive and vasodilatory effects in the GI tract.
142
The form in which lipid is absorbed is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
The form in which lipid is absorbed is **Triacylglycerol**.
143
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ drugs inhibit prostaglandin production.
**COX inhibitors and Glucocorticoids** drugs inhibit prostaglandin production.
144
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Increased eating
Increased amount of feces
Undigested lipid in form of fat in feces
Decreased weight
Pancreatic insufficiency
145
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ of the GI Interstitial cells allows less stimulus to reach threshold.
**"Priming"** of the GI Interstitial cells allows less stimulus to reach threshold.
146
Bile is stored in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Bile is stored in the **gallbladder**
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Exception: Equine! They don't have a gallbladder
147
Acid is produced in what parts of the stomach
Fundus and Corpus
148
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: products of metabolism that affect the behavior of blood vessels.
**Local Tissue Factors**: products of metabolism that affect the behavior of blood vessels.
149
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ function is dilute and buffer chyme to create optimum pH; also hydrolyzes protein, carbohydrate, lipid and nucleic acids.
**Exocrine Pancreas** function is dilute and buffer chyme to create optimum pH; also hydrolyzes protein, carbohydrate, lipid and nucleic acids.
150
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is an important source of nitrogen for microbes of the forestomach of ruminants.
**Urea** is an important source of nitrogen for microbes of the forestomach of ruminants.
151
The products of amylase stimulate _______ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
The products of amylase stimulate **secretion** and **blood flow**.
152
D cells of the GI tract secrete \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
D cells of the GI tract secrete **Somatostatin**.
153
Factors the **decrease** blood flow to the GI tract
ADH
E
NE
AGII
SNS Stimulation
154
Visceral smooth muscle is different from skeletal muscle because it is stimulated to
Visceral smooth muscle is different from skeletal muscle because it is stimulated to **contract AND relax**
155
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ from the liver, break down fat by physical digestion.
**Bile Acids** from the liver, break down fat by physical digestion.
156
The _______ phase is inhibitory; Secretin, CCK and Gastrin are released.
The **Intestinal** phase is inhibitory; Secretin, CCK and Gastrin are released.
157
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ occurs when a cell secretes a product that has an effect on a neighboring cell.
**Paracrine secretion** occurs when a cell secretes a product that has an effect on a neighboring cell.
158
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Vasodilatory
Increases gastric motility
Histamine
159
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ of the GI tract is a major site of absorption.
**Small Intestine** of the GI tract is a major site of absorption.
160
Salivary glands are stimulated by
Neurotransmitters
Hormone Secretions
Paracrine Secretions
161
Peptide hormones from the GI tract have a ___________ effect.
Peptide hormones from the GI tract have a **vasodilatory** effect.
162
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and ________ are responsible for the absorption of lipids.
**Bile** and **Pancreatic Proteases** are responsible for the absorption of lipids.
163
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ cell of the GI tract produces break down substances.
**Peptic (Chief)** cell of the GI tract produces break down substances.
164
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ secretion: progress toward the lumen of the tubular gut, they are modified by secretory and reabsorptive actvities of ductular cells.
**Primary** secretion: progress toward the lumen of the tubular gut, they are modified by secretory and reabsorptive actvities of ductular cells.
165
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ cells of the glandular stomach produce mucin and HCO3
**Mucus (Neck)** cells of the glandular stomach produce mucin and HCO3
166
Afferent Neurons are related to ___________ responses.
Afferent Neurons are related to **sensory** responses.
167
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: stimulated by food breakdown products to stimulate the release of insulin.
**Glucagon-Like Peptide (GLP)**: stimulated by food breakdown products to stimulate the release of insulin.
168
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ reflex is initiated by distention of the ileum and its effect is to decrease gastric motility.
**Iliogastric** reflex is initiated by distention of the ileum and its effect is to decrease gastric motility.
169
\_\_\_\_\_\_ and _______ are incretins of the GI tract
**GIP** and **GLP-1** are incretins of the GI tract
170
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ cells of the GI tract produce HCl and GIF
**Parietal** cells of the GI tract produce HCl and GIF
171
Cells in the gastric pit
Mucin (Neck) Cells
Gastric Parietal Cells
172
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ nervous system inhibits (slows) GI motility
**Sympathetic** nervous system inhibits (slows) GI motility
173
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ nervous system causes vasodilation in areas where food is present.
**Parasympathetic** nervous system causes vasodilation in areas where food is present.
174
Veterinarians request that no food be fed to patients before surgery, this is because:
Anesthesia causes a loss of CNS control
Food in the gut increases the perfusion
175
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are considered the pacemaker cells of the GI tract.
**Interstitial Cells** are considered the pacemaker cells of the GI tract.
176
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ nervous system exerts its effect everywhere by stimulating the secretion of epinephrine.
**Sympathetic** nervous system exerts its effect everywhere by stimulating the secretion of epinephrine.
177
Agonist of HCl secretion
AcH
178
The ________ does not secrete hydrolytic enzymes.
The **liver** does not secrete hydrolytic enzymes.
179
ECL cells of the GI tract have receptors for
ACH
CCK
Somatostatin
180
The goal of the exocrine glands is to make the fluid entering the gut \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
The goal of the exocrine glands is to make the fluid entering the gut **alkaline**.
181
Cells of the GI tract live for \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Cells of the GI tract live for **2-4 days**
**\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**
This was a question of the Blue final\*\*\*
182
G cells of the GI tract have receptors for
GRP
Somatostatin
183
Pacemaker cells of the Heart
SA Node
AV Node
Bundle of His
Perkinje Fibers
184
Distention of the stomach (initiating the vasovagal reflex) and the presence of peptides and amino acids in the lumen stimulate the __________ phase.
Distention of the stomach (initiating the vasovagal reflex) and the presence of peptides and amino acids in the lumen stimulate the **gastric** phase.
185
Na and K move into the GI lumen \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Na and K move into the GI lumen **paracellularly**
186
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: secreted by absorptive cells to convert trypsinogen to active trypsin
**Enterokinase**: secreted by absorptive cells to convert trypsinogen to active trypsin
187
Secretion of the pancreas is stimulated by
Sensory (Sight, taste)
Vasovagal Reflex (distention)
AcH (NT)
Gastrin
CCK
Secretin
188
The sympathetic nervous system displays direct inhibition of GI tract motility at the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
The sympathetic nervous system displays direct inhibition of GI tract motility at the **sphincters**.
189
Absorption in the GI tract would not occur without the secreation of ________ first.
Absorption in the GI tract would not occur without the secreation of **water** first.
190
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is produced by the glandular stomach, it binds to vitamin B12 to protect it from digestion.
**Gastric Intrinsic Factor (GIF)** is produced by the glandular stomach, it binds to vitamin B12 to protect it from digestion.
191
EC cells and Serotonin secreting cells are important ___________ cells of the GI tract.
EC cells and Serotonin secreting cells are important **paracrine** cells of the GI tract.
192
Leakiness of tight junctions (increases/decreases) from duodenum to large intestine.
Leakiness of tight junctions (increases/**decreases**) from duodenum to large intestine.
193
Post ganglionic neurons of the _______ nervous system inhibit postganglionic neurons of the _________ nervous system.
Post ganglionic neurons of the **sympathetic** nervous system inhibit postganglionic neurons of the **parasympathetic** nervous system.
194
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: secreted by goblet cells of the intestine; initiated by increased [H+], hyperosmolarity and stretch.
**Mucin**: secreted by goblet cells of the intestine; initiated by increased [H+], hyperosmolarity and stretch.
195
Excitatory neurons of the GI tract secrete ________ and ___________ to cause contraction.
Excitatory neurons of the GI tract secrete **ACH** and **Substance P** to cause contraction.
196
Contraction of circular longitundinal muscle (increases/decreases) the diameter of the lumen.
Contraction of circular longitundinal muscle **(increases**/decreases) the diameter of the lumen.
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Think, Chinese finger trap
197
Describe the process of GI motility when stimulated by the GI itself
EC cells are stimulated to secrete serotonin by GI stimulation
Serotonin stimulates the sensory neuron
Sensory neuron stimulates myenteric and submucosal plexus
Excitatory and inhibitory motor neurons are stimulated to release their products
Contraction of circular smooth muscle occurs in the oral direction
Relaxation of circular smooth muscle occurs in the anal direction
198
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: in the GI tract inhibits actin-myosin interaction in muscle.
**VIP**: in the GI tract inhibits actin-myosin interaction in muscle.
199
Examples of source of animal alpha-polymer carbohydrates
Glycogen
200
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Decreased pancreatic enzymes due to a decrease in number of pancreatic cells.
Can lead to decreased insulin if immune mediated diabetes is triggered.
Can also lead to anemia due to decreased production of GIF.
Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency
