Water Balance Flashcards
(85 cards)
1
Q
Osmolyte
A
Solutes that change the colligative properties of water
1
Q
Plasmolysis
A
Shrinking of the cell
1
Q
Insensible water loss
A
Losses in exhaled air, through the skin or in feces
1
Q
Overhydration
A
greater than normal fluid volume
2
Q
Causes of hypertonic dehydration
A
- Respiration
- Sweat (humans)
- Inappropriate production of hypotonic urine
3
Q
Osmolarity
A
Concentration of osmolyte
3
Q
Two types of edema
A
Generalized
Localized
4
Q
Concentration (C) = __________.
A
Concentration (C) = Mass / Volume.
4
Q
Causes of isotonic dehydration
A
- Hemorrhage
- Sweat
4
Q
___________: plasma in the animal is hypotonic, because the gain of water exceeds the gain of osmolyte.
A
Hypotonic Overhydration: plasma in the animal is hypotonic, because the gain of water exceeds the gain of osmolyte.
_____________________
Increased water, no change in osmolyte = cell swell
5
Q
Important Anions of Plasma and Interstitium
A
Cl- and HCO3-
6
Q
Hypotonic
A
Solution will cause the cell to swell
7
Q
Net movement of water eventually results in _______________ pressures.
A
Net movement of water eventually results in equal but opposing pressures.
8
Q
_________ pressure decreases dramatically from arteriole to venule
A
CHP pressure decreases dramatically from arteriole to venule
9
Q
________ of body water is extracellular water.
A
20% of body water is extracellular water.
9
Q
Important cations of the intracellular fluid
A
K+ and Mg2+
9
Q
Dehydration
A
Less than normal fluid volume
10
Q
Normal osmolarity
A
286-290 mOm
11
Q
_____ of extracellular water is plasma water.
A
4% of extracellular water is plasma water.
11
Q
Crenation
A
Term used synonymously with plasmolysis as it occurs in red blood cells
11
Q
_________ are pressures from interstitium to plasma
A
Reabsorption are pressures from interstitium to plasma
11
Q
Decreased PCOP caused by
A
Starvation
Kidney Disease
Liver Disease
_____________________
Decreased [protein] in plasma, thus decreased water moving into the capillary
11
Q
Causes of hypotonic overhydration
A
- Psycogenic
- Excess Reabsorption of water
- Drowning
13
Q
Cardiac output = ____________.
A
Cardiac output = Stroke Volume x Heart Rate.
15
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ of water is critical to normal functioning of the body.
**Distribution** of water is critical to normal functioning of the body.
16
Molal = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Molal = **Moles / Liter of H2O**.
17
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: mole of charge; equal + and -.
**Equivalent**: mole of charge; equal + and -.
18
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: effective osmotic pressure; whether the movement of water will cause a cell to change in size
**Tonicity**: effective osmotic pressure; whether the movement of water will cause a cell to change in size
18
Starling Forces are
CHP
IFHP
PCOP
IFCOP
18
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are pressures from plasma to interstitium
**Filtration** are pressures from plasma to interstitium
19
All biological reactions occur in an _________ environment.
All biological reactions occur in an **aqueous** environment.
21
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: Sum of protons and neutrons.
**Mole**: Sum of protons and neutrons.
23
Examples of ___________ include boiling and freezing points.
Examples of **colligative properties** include boiling and freezing points.
24
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ maintains the volume, composition and concentration of solutes in all compartments.
**Homeostasis** maintains the volume, composition and concentration of solutes in all compartments.
25
Increased CHP is caused by
Decrease radius of veins
Decreased fluid in venous system
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Increased osmotic pressure into the capillary, thus increased hydrostatic pressure to equalize it
26
Capillary epithelium is permeable to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Capillary epithelium is permeable to **electrolytes**.
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
This is why plasma and interstitium have equal [electrolytes]
27
Most accurate estimate of plasma osmolarity
1.86 [Na+K] + [Glucose/18] + [Urea/3]
28
There is an increased [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_] in plasma which also increases the ________ pressure.
There is an increased [**protein**] in plasma which also increases the **osmotic** pressure.
29
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ pressure increases and then decreases from arteriole to venule
**PCOP** pressure increases and then decreases from arteriole to venule
29
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: plasma in the animal is isotonic, because isotonic fluid is lost.
**Isotonic Dehydration**: plasma in the animal is isotonic, because isotonic fluid is lost.
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Decreased water, Decreased osmolyte
31
The most valuable nutrient is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
The most valuable nutrient is **water**.
31
Solutes move from one fluid compartment to another by:
1. Endocytosis
2. Exocytosis
3. Pressure filtration at the glomerulus
4. Solvent drag
31
Least accurate estimate of plasma osmolarity
2 [Na+]
32
Plasma is separated from interstitial fluid by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Plasma is separated from interstitial fluid by **capillary epithelium**
34
Cytolysis
Cell swelling to point where stress on plasma membrane causes it to rupture
35
Important anions of intracellular fluid
HPO4 2- and Protein
36
Hypervolemia
Greater than normal blood volume
37
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: plasma in the animal is isotonic, because isotonic fluid is gained.
**Isotonic Overhydration**: plasma in the animal is isotonic, because isotonic fluid is gained.
39
1 kg H2O = ___ L H2O
1 kg H2O = **1** L H2O
40
Normovolemia
Normal blood volume
41
Molar = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Molar = **Moles / Liter**.
43
Flow = _________ or \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Flow = **Volume / Time** or **Mass / (Time x C)**.
45
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ of body weight is water.
**60%** of body weight is water.
46
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: plasma in the animal is hypertonic because water loss exceeds loss of osmolyte.
**Hypertonic Dehydration**: plasma in the animal is hypertonic because water loss exceeds loss of osmolyte.
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Decreased water, no change in osmolyte = cell shrinks
48
Cardiac Output
Flow of blood out of the heart
49
Hypovolemia
Less than normal blood volume
50
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ pressure and _______ pressure are unchanged from arteriole to venule.
**IFHP** pressure and **IFCOP** pressure are unchanged from arteriole to venule.
51
A rough estimate of blood is
1/2 Plasma, 1/2 Cells
53
Mole = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Mole = **6.02x1023**.
54
Intracellular and extracellular fluids are separated by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Intracellular and extracellular fluids are separated by **cell membrane**.
56
Most of extracellular fluid percentage is made up of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Most of extracellular fluid percentage is made up of **interstitial fluid**.
58
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ predomiates at the arteriole, _______ predominates at the venule.
**Filtration** predomiates at the arteriole, **Reabsorption** predominates at the venule.
59
Sensible water loss
Losses in urine; volume easilty measured
61
Plasma and Interstitial Fluid are considered to be \_\_\_\_\_\_cellular fluid.
Plasma and Interstitial Fluid are considered to be **extra**cellular fluid.
62
Edema
Collection of abnormally high amounts of interstital fluid
63
Most common form of dehydration
Hypertonic Dehydration
64
Causes of isotonic overhydration
1. Iatrogenic
2. Excess reabsorption of Na
66
Ventilation
Flow of air into and out of the lungs
67
Osmole
A mole of osmolyte
68
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ of body water is intracellular water.
**40%** of body water is intracellular water.
69
\_\_\_\_\_\_ of extracellular water is extracellular fluids.
**16%** of extracellular water is extracellular fluids.
70
Ventilation = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Ventilation = **Respiratory Rate x Tidal Volume**
71
Increased [solute] will _________ osmotic pressure due to water movement toward the impermeant solute.
Increased [solute] will **increase** osmotic pressure due to water movement toward the impermeant solute.
72
Equivalent (Eq) = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Equivalent (Eq) = **(g substance) (valence) / Atomic Weight**.
74
Osmotic Pressure
Pressure exerted in a solution with impermeant solute and water crossing barrier
76
A solution in whihc causes osmosis is referred to as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A solution in whihc causes osmosis is referred to as **osmotically active**.
77
Osmosis
Net movement of water from a solution with lesser concentration of impermeant solute to solution of greater concentration of impermeant solute
78
Imporant cations of Plasma and Interstitium
Na+ and K+
79
Edema can be caused by
Increased CHP
Decreased PCOP
Increased IFCOP
80
Isotonic
Solution will cause a cell lto neither shrink or swell
81
Hypertonic
Solution will cause teh cell to shrink
82
If an osmolyte cannot cross a membrane which allow the passage of water, ______ will occur.
If an osmolyte cannot cross a membrane which allow the passage of water, **osmosis** will occur.
83
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: plasma in the animal is hypotonic, because los of osmolyte exceeds loss of water.
**Hypotonic dehydration**: plasma in the animal is hypotonic, because los of osmolyte exceeds loss of water.
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
No change in water, increase of osmolyte
84
Increased IFCOP caused by
Inflammation
Tissue damage
Inadequate or obstructed lymph flow
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Increased interstital proteins causes an increase in water flowing into the interstitium
85
Solvent drag
Solutes dissolved in water are transported as water moves paracellularly
