GBIO 107 Test 2 Flashcards

Question

fungi cell wall

Answer 1

- cell walls like a plant | - except use chitin (exoskelleton of bugs) instead of cellulose (that plants use)

Answer 2

- what fungi cell walls are made of instead of cellulose (like the exoskelleton material of bugs)

Answer 3

- sexual and asexual - mostly asexual by haploid spores - sexual reproduction - when 2 haploid hyphae fuse - so mycellium here and there, meet, fuse together, then make a new mushroom from there

Answer 4

- all decomposes - breaking stuff down and then absorb nutrients - can be saprozoic or paraisitic, but all are extra-cellular digesters - grow quickly - very absorbant!!

Answer 5

feed off living matter

Answer 6

excrete enzymes, break down food outside cells and then absorb nutrients

Answer 7

1) Lichin | 2)

Answer 8

- leafy, grayish stuff on trees, bare rock, lava - fungus and cyanobacteria - important symbiotic relationship. cyanobacteria produces food, fungi spread easily. - quickly begin to grow - how do they get th energy? from the cyanobacteria. how do they spread quickly? fungi. - important because they're what we consider to be **pioneers of succession. Where there's no life, after a volcano for ex., lichins are the first to come in and live. Decomposes the rock and builds up on them. Rock turns into mush/soil. Now what can happen - grass seeds blow in, then shrubs, then trees, etc. Lichin comes first. - important in artic tundra - exclusive food of reindeer!

Answer 9

- bluegreen bacteria (used to be called algae) | - photosynthesizes to produce oxygen

Answer 10

- first to move into a lifeless environment and begin life sycle. - lichin

Answer 11

- fungi and roots of trees - root balls... truffles - use dogs and pigs to sniff them out but muzzle them so they don't eat them. - fungi don't make their own food - the tree does. where is the sugar C6H12O6 stored? the roots. what does the tree need to produce? water! - trees' roots may not go far, but the fungi can. So provide the tree with water. Usually a dying forest indicates dying fungi.

Answer 12

- balls of roots and fungi underground on tree roots

Answer 13

1) Plant diseases 2) Animal diseases 3) Human diseases 4) Some produce toxins

Answer 14

- rusts and smuts, billions of $ every year on agriculture crops. mainly effect grain crops. especially on wet/dry, wet/dry climates (LA!) and have to burn to get rid of... - molds on fruit, stored grains and food storage - cause extinctins (ex: american chestnut tree. it was the fundamental part of the ecosystem on the east coast. changed entire ecosystem)

Answer 15

- chytrids - killing frogs - globally. (what happens if the frogs disappear?) - white-nose fungus in bats (what happens? yes, bugs, but also bats are pollenators) - fungus in rattlesnakes (rats, habitat out of whack, etc.)

Answer 16

- sinus problems - allergies (mold) - ear infection - ring worm, jock itch, athlete's foot, yeast infections - fungal pneumonia (fungi growing in lungs, harder to treat, longer to treat) - fungal meningitis - ex: histoplasmosis - also lung infection. very common, found in the soil. most common wher you have lots of birds and bats.(why you don't want them in your bats, you'll be inhaling this stuff and can also inhale rabes if you smell their guome)

Answer 17

- ex: Aspergillis sp. - ex: Claviceps purpurea - - ex: Penecillin sp. - fungus that killsbacteria

Answer 18

grows on corn (wet/dry, wet/dry). produces aflatoxins. aflatoxins cause liver damage, liver failure, possibly cancer, can be fatal. Not people so much, as wild turkeys. Wild turkeys have a BIG problems. What are people buying in huge bags? corn for the deer. Do Turkeys realize it's not for them? nope. Because it gets wet, dry, wet, dry... why corn cannot be sold unless it has below a certain amount of aflotoxins. In 2003 had a recall of Tostidos because of aflotoxins.

Answer 19

- that kills bacteria | - first antibiotic

Answer 20

grows on rye. Took a while before people even realized it's not supposed to be there. Produces ergot. Eat the rye causes ergotism. In high amounts, causes convulsions, hallucinations, seizures, gangrene... arms and legs fall off...etc. St. Anthony's Fire (people thought they wereon fire, convulsing, etc.), so brought them into the hospitals and fed them good bread (only poor people ate rye bread), got better, sent them home, just got sick again. Polypenesian War - fed horses and men rye bread and all of them were dead by the spring. Salem witch trials! Girls talking out of their minds, convulsing, hallucinations, etc and could also use it for abortions... may be from rye bread. Some people think some of these things are good to experience - LSD, halluconogenic drug.

Answer 21

- mushroom industry - truffles $300/lb - beer, wine and bread - yeast - some cheeses are flavored - ecotourism

Answer 22

- most important one | - along with bacteria break down waste, return nutrients to soil. WIthout them, we wouldn't exist.

Answer 23

- mycetes - mycota - mycology

Answer 24

...reproductive structures

Answer 25

1) Zygomycota 2) Ascomycota 3) Basidiomycota 4) Imperfect fungi 5) Chytrids

Answer 26

- fungus that have zygospores = structures that hold spores (that are then released by the thousands - ex: black bread mold

Answer 27

- "sac fungi" - have sac-like structures called asci that hold the spores (that are then released by the thousands and become that same fungi) - about 50,000 types... ex: penecillin, yeasts, morels - typically conjugated or cup-like, or single-celled (yeast)

Answer 28

- not living (won't be listed in domains, kingdoms, etc.)

Answer 29

1) a strand of genetic material (DNA/RNA) | 2) a protein coat (these will differ - can have different compositions, shapes, etc.)

Answer 30

- airborne - bodily fluids - direct/indirect contact - water - animals/insects - aren't alive - don't do anything 'till they get to where they're going/their host

Answer 31

- they are host specific - need a host to do anything - some are species specific - ex: rabies --> human attacks nerves, HIV --> human immune system, measles --> skin, bacteriophages --> attack bacteria

Answer 32

virus, attack nerves

Answer 33

virus, human immune system

Answer 34

virus, skin

Answer 35

virus, bacteria

Answer 36

- flu - chicken pox - enterovirus

Answer 37

- common cold, but has mutated and is killing children. Now further complications - paralysis. (polio-like symptoms) - reason enterovirus is killing mostly children is because parents have had contact with some form of it and are immune

Answer 38

- our immune system has to fight it off (go home, lots of fluids, rest, etc.) - NO anitbiotics (only for bacterial infections) - anti-viral medications (ex: Tamiflu)

Answer 39

- ex. of anti-viral medication - not every virus has a medication - viruses mutate too quickly to develop medicine - very short window of opportunity - 48 window of Tamiflu because it must kill the host cell. If too infected, won't work.

Answer 40

- vaccines - a little bit of "inactive virus" (purpose is so your body will recognize it as something to fight off. Once you rbody has that flu, because now you've had it and are immune to it) - so many strains of flu- they guess with the shots. you can get the shot and still get the flu - vaccines are very successful, though, and have gotten rid of a lot of deadly threats. Flu still has 30% mortality rate. Which ones have been successful?

Answer 41

- Polio (but soldiers and immigrants) | - Small pox only in humans - species specific. eradicated in the wild. (but vials in case of biochemical warfare)

Answer 42

- you get it, it goes away... but can leave you with cancer - Hep A&C --> liver cancer - T-cell leukemia --> virus - mononucleousis (mono/kissing disease) - can lead to nasopherngeal cancer or hyodgkins lymphoma - HPV (STD, warts) - can cause cervical cancer

Answer 43

liver cancer

Answer 44

- spleen damage - Epstein-bar syndrome (chronic weakness, kicks back into gear under stress) - nasopheryngeal cancer (cancer of the ears, eyes and throat) - Hyodgkins lymphoma

Answer 45

- STD, warts | - can cause cervical cancer

Answer 46

- global outbreak - something that they can't control - ex: Ebola has 90% mortality rate - guy who found ebola said most afraid of bird flu (not human-to-human yet). If could jump from human-to-human, 360million would die in 2 weeks.

Answer 47

1) Attachment - virus attaches to specific host cell 2) Penetration - DNA/RNA enters the host cell 3) Synthesis & Replication - virus takes over the host cell; makes viral DNA and viral proteins (becomes viral factory) 4) Assembly - host cell puts together viral parts; new viruses 5) Release - slowly trickle out, or suddenly release/rupture host cell and many go out at once

Answer 48

1) Lytic Cycle - all steps happen quickly | 2) Lysogenic Cycle - lays dormant, trigger sets it off

Answer 49

- a way that a virus goes through the multiplication cycle - virus stops after penetration, lays dormant in the host cell - divides with host - as cell goes through normal cell division, virus is spread through the body - some sort of trigger sets off the rest of the steps - ex: why someone can have HIV for 10 years and not even know it, spreading it the entire time, until they have so much that it's triggered into full gear. - ex: herpes/cold sores, lying dormant, waiting 'till you get stress, get a sun burn, etc. - ex: shingles - chicken pox come back. Virus laying ther ein your body, waiitng 'till you get stress.

Answer 50

Yes. Because it's in your body, waiting.

Answer 51

No. But I can give you chicken pox. Can't spread shingles.

Answer 52

Yes. During a short window of time afterward.

Answer 53

- causes paralysis on one side of your face - it's the chicken pox come back as Bell's palsy. - People who are misdiagnosed with this are left with permanent paralysis. - Stress can trigger it again - once you have it, it can happen again

Answer 54

- shingles | - bell's palsy

Answer 55

- smaller than virus - just strand of RNA - no protein coat - only in plants, we don't have to worry about them

Answer 56

- even smaller than viruses or viroids | - causes BSE (or mad cow disease

Answer 57

- BSE - in sheep: Scrapie - in humans: Crozfeldt-Jakobs or Kuru - in white-taild deer, mule deer, or elk: CWD

Answer 58

- brain becomes riddled with holes/becomes spongy - dementia, loss of coordination, starvation - completely fatal - no cure - what is it? simply a nerve protein that folde din on itself the wrong way. - prions induce more prions - found out by studying the Kuru tribe in 1980 - figured out they were cannibals and ate mainly the brain. got the tribe to quit eating the brains of people, which slowed down the occurance. But then showed up again later. - yes, stopped through not eating brains, but also congenital - can be passed on through the mother - so where are cows getting it from? Prions naturally occuring in the environment. Why? How? we don't know. - nose-to-nose transfer among cows. - when they found a cow with it, they ahd to kill the whole herd. But if you bring another herd into the pen, what can happen? they get it too from environment. - now we import it again, still test our cows. One found in 2011 in Texas, one in 2009 in Washington... - so if people in the U.S. have Crozfeldt-Jakobs disease and our cows don't have it, where are we getting it from? squirrels. Squirrel brains, or meat cooked down in gravy with nerver tissue.

Answer 59

- CWD - white-tailed deer, mule deer, elk, moose - nose-to-nose and also through feces (gets on grass, etc.) - LA tests animals regularly. We're gaming paradise - if deer here caught it, big deal. But exist in other states (in Texas last year). Check out special requirements to prevent if you hunt in those states. - Game preserves make this dangerous

Answer 60

- (pro) - common, good ol', every day bacteria - everywhere, everywhere, absolutely everywhere - if we were able to gather them all up and measure them all together, would outweigh the prokaryote cells by 10x. - you ahve more bacteria in your mouth than there are mamals (animals?) on earth. 90% in your mouth don't belong to you, either. tons of them.

Answer 61

their Nutrient Acquisition (how they get food)

Answer 62

(how they get their food)

Answer 63

1) Photoautotrophs 2) Chemoautotrophs 3) Photoheterotrophs 4) Chemoheterotrophs

Answer 64

- uses sunlight and carbon dioxide to photosynthesize and make their own food = sugars (like plants) - ex: cyanobacteria

Answer 65

- eubacteria - photoautotroph - use to be known as blue-green algae. That slimy stuff that grows on top of ponds. Gros in huge mats. - ingredient in protein drinks. it's 65% protein. Take it off the ponds, dry it out, grind it up, and put it in the powsder. Just make sure you get it from reputable companies. SomE of them release neuro-toxins that you want to avoide.

Answer 66

- makes its own food form chemicals in their environment (nitrogen, sulphur, hydrogen - ex: rhizobium sp. - lives in the soil and uses nitrogen (N2)

Answer 67

makes their own food

Answer 68

- heterotroph = take sin its food/carbon source. uses sunlight.. ingests carbon source. - ex: purple-green bacteria

Answer 69

- take chemicals and ingest carbon | - ex: decomposers (they take everything from their environment and break it down into food)

Answer 70

- no nucleus - no organelles - simple (relatively) - small (relatively) - single-cell (unicellular) organisms - bacteria. Used to just bed called bacteria. prokaryote and bacteria = interchangeable words. - just because small and simple, doesn't mean they behave simple. Their impact can be very complex, just their structure is simple. - so why separate them into two domains? - Archae = "extremists"

Answer 71

- cell membrane (keep what we want in, in and what we want out, out) - DNA (no nucleus, hanges out in the cell) - ribosomes - protein synthesis - cell wall (shape, strength,and structure) - slime layer - pili - flagella - endospore

Answer 72

- cell membrane | - genetic material/DNA

Answer 73

tell us who it is and what it's supposed to do. what does it actually tell the cell to do? make proteins. where are they made? ribozomes.

Answer 74

- also called capsule - outside the cell wall - mucus-like (sugars, proteins, and mucus) - what does sticky/slimy stuff do on the outside of the cell? = sticks to stuff. (each other and substrates. remember, safety in numbers) - biofilm (aggregates of bacteria held together by slime layer) ** infection comes from biofilm build-up - ex: what do you wake up with on your teeth in the morning?

Answer 75

biofilm buildup

Answer 76

- stiff extensions - if slime layer isn't enough, these also help them stick to each other and substrates. - sex pili = exchange bits of genetic material by sticking into each other.

Answer 77

- long, thin, whip-like tails - 1,2, or many (even cover them up) - used to move (out of bad and into good environment, toward or away from light, attack in packs, etc.)

Answer 78

- ** only rod-shaped bacteria have the ability to form this - endo= internal - internal cyst/spore where it encloses the DNA in a rybozome when it enters a bad environment. Everything dies away. All metabolic functions cease, basically dead. resting. - from the board: "encloses DNA and enzymes in a resistant cyst, all metabolic functions cease" - resistant to extreme ph, temps,a dn time. fossilized sproes have been fossilized and found in rocks millions of years old. - in right conditions, immediately start functioning. grow the rest of their parts back, start all over. - ex: Anthrax - remember, complex functions, simple structure

Answer 79

- great for biological warfare. how do we know? Anthrax scare. White powder, in that powder were the spores of this bacteria. By the time you asked "what's this white powder?" it's already in your body, growing and producing deadly toxins. Comes naturally from soil (farmers encounter a lot), from cows, other forms.

Answer 80

- not in size (not getting bigger and bigger? why? bigger the cell, slower and more inefficient it becomes) but growth is measured in numbers. (population growth)

Answer 81

= asexual reproduction | - prokaryotic fission, to be exact

Answer 82

- mitosis-like division. what happens there? - DNA replicates and stuff doubles - split into two identical daughter cell (clones) - some can do this every 20 minutes (what make sit not so simple) - can exploit habitats - can mutate (when it happens very quickly is when more mistakes are made. so can take over habitat and explode/grow quickly, but can also become a different bacteria/whole new thing in a day as they do so.

Answer 83

- stress response, (pond drying up) survival technique - join sex pili and exchange bits of DNA (with other bacteria) in hopes they'll get something to help them servive. - ex: merca - antibiotic resistant staff. partly by antibiotic overuse, partly by sharing genes with other resistant bacteria to try to survive. complex in behavior (something simple not always so simple) - OR can pick up DNA in the environment (if there's a cell that's exploded and DNA laying around, bacteria can absorb, add it to genetic code - OR viruses inject DNA

Answer 84

- bacterial infection - antibiotic-resistant staff, partly by anitbiotic overuse, partly by sharing genes with other resistant bacteria to try to survive.

Answer 85

- can't use biological species concept (myer - sexually reproduce and have fertile offspring). Can't refer to them as species. NOT SPECIES = refer to them as strains. - simple, based on traditional methods - shape and staining

Answer 86

1) cocci (streptococcus, staphyloccocus) 2) Bacilli (streptobacilli) 3) Spirilli (vibrios, spirilliums

Answer 87

- bacteria shape - round, sphere - streptococcus, staphylococcus

Answer 88

- cocci shape (bacteria) - long, chains of circles (can also go in curves - slime layer helps them stick together) ex: strep throat (not the only kind)

Answer 89

- cocci shape (bacteria) - clusters of circles - ex: staph infection. (carrying around 90% of bacteria that's not yours. not a problem. but a cut, etc., get inside and have infection. ingrown hair, pink eye, etc. = examples. But merca resistant. Most dangerous place that it spreads = locker rooms. Goes through like wildfire. Just means clusters of circles, though

Answer 90

- bacteria shape - rod shaped, squared, ovalish, tear dropish, etc. - ** only type that can form endospores - streptobacilli

Answer 91

- bacilli shape (bacteria) | - long chains of rods. ex: anthrax

Answer 92

- bacteria shape - spirals, big curves (smaller than the others) - vibrios, spirllium

Answer 93

- spirilli shape (bacteria) | - short curve (moon, crescent, comma shapes) very tiny.

Answer 94

- spirilli shape (bacteria) - corkscrew, twisted (but on slide look like a little worm.) very tiny. - ex: Lyme's disease (spread by specific ticks. people can not realize it and go for 20 years and not catch it. diagnosed as why, can't find it in the bloodstream. Then have complications. But if you can find it early enough, can fight it off.)

Answer 95

- guy named Gram came up with method of staining them - using 2 colors of stain: red and purple 1) Gram-Positive 2) Gram- Negative

Answer 96

- absorbs both stains (if it looks purple, aha)

Answer 97

- only absorbs the red - tougher, more resistant cell wall - important when it comes to medically treating them (salmonella), have to give strong enough antibiotics to get through the cell wall, harder to treat.

Answer 98

1) Pathogenic 2) Some produce toxins 3) Some are very old 4) Some are new ones 5) Some keep coming back 6) Too Common

Answer 99

- disease-causing pathogens - how can these things be spread? depends on the bacteria (airborne = coughing, sneezing, etc. contact= direct, indirect, bodily fluids, soil, victors (ticks, mosquitos) ) - how do thy cause the disease? invade host, explode in growth (exploiting the good habitat), to the point that they impede the function of their host, (cellular, tissue, or organism level) (doesn't always have to kill the host - if the host dies, they die too).

Answer 100

- lots of them - botulism, tetanus - both form endospheres, in right habitat (your body), produce paralyzing toxins, and it's the paralyzing toxins that kill. - tetanus - where do you get it? when you step on something. it's a puncture wound. It gets deep into your body -doesn't come from the rust, getting deep inside a puncture wound.... "lockjaw" - body becomes paralyzed in a contracted position. Once it starts, can't be stopped. It's fatal. Starting at extremeties until the lungs get contracted and you can't breath. - botulism - paralyzes in relaxed position. Canned food used to be the biggest problem. 1 gram of botulism can kill 15 million people. Mainly home canned food. DOn't eat from cans that are exploded - even if they're cheaper. Also, don't feed babies honey 'till they're a year old! Botulism spores in the honey, babies can't fight it off. ... botox - botulism toxins purposely injected into their face. paralyze their muscles so they don't look old. can't do certian movement. Have to give shots over and over. What's long time risks? Don't know. Now used to treat migraines and other things.

Answer 101

- black death - bubonic plague killed 100 million people in 14th century. Huge dent in human population. carried by fleas carried by rats. Ring around the Rosy. Still here - 2-3,000 cases every year. Why all the people dying from it now? Don't live with rats/fleas. Can treat it. Now instead of 90% fatality, there's 10% fatality. Now cases out in western US - carried by squirrels and black-footed ferrets. - Leprosy - people shunned in the Bible. Carvel, leprosy colony. Didn't think it was curable and quarantied them. one still in Hawaii because people choose to live there. Hansen's disease. Takes several antibiotics and takes a while to cure it, but treatable. Armadillos also carry it - so watch out when playing with them!

Answer 102

- relatively new - Lyme's disease - discovered in 1975 in Pennsylvania. Took a while to figure out what it was and where it came from. - only carried by deer ticks - what's the best way to get a tick off? (burning or chimicals the worst way - regurgitate in you) Best way to get them off is to use tweezers, get as close to the head as possible, twist and pull it out. If bullseye rash around it the next day, likely have it. go to Dr. and start treatment instead of waiting 20 years. Know what these look like for your own good!`

Answer 103

ex: TB (good vaccination program got rid of it, tested to see if people were carriers, but now coming back.) - coming form other countries through immigrants. Memphis, new Orleans, etc. Where there's a lot of immigrants (and through druggies). Spread through coughing. EASILY spreads. Takes longer to control, normal TB takes 6 months of antibiotics. But what druggies and immigrants tick to that regimen? So now have resistant form of TB, takes 2 years of regimen ... that guy went out of country knowing he had it, couldn't get back in, went through Canada, everyone on the plane had to be locked up for 2 years... - ex: Clamydia, Gonarhea, Syphilis, = STD's People who know they have it, still spread it. (LA numbers 1,2&3)

Answer 104

- we'll NEVER get rid of these - strep throat - how do you get it? can get it from Walmart from the cart in front of you. It's that easy. pneumonia is streptococcai, flesh-eating disease is streptococcai, (girl that was zip-lining, fell into the water, lost both of her arms.) (lady that gave birth - worst in hospital - during, contracted it, lost both her arms and legs) (guy who went for stomach weight-loss surgery, complained of hurting, ex-rayed, had left piece of equipment in stomach. What was stuck to it? flesh-eating bacteria eating him from the inside out. Left him open for 2 months to kill it by free oxygen. Tried suing but lost because he signed the form when he had surgery. - E. coli - comes form the stomach - wher eit's supposed to be. comes out in fecal matter. jack int he box hamburgers killed 13 people in the 80s. Have to clean up and cook it to high enough temperatures. Meat, also been on spinach, alfalfa sprouts, fertilizer. How do you get rid of it? Scrub it. doesn't work with greens. Salmanella - eggs (transmitted by adult birds to egg). Also got into peanut butter (why you're not supposed to eat raw coockie dough) and shouldn't play with baby turtles and chicks - but what do we give kids at Easter? and then eat all the candy? Listeria - cantaloupes. So are we hearing of it more or is there really more of it? Too common to get rid of.

Answer 105

More pro than eu.

Answer 106

1) Photosyntehtic bacteria - bluegreen algea/cyano bacteria 2) Symbiotic relationships in the intestines of vegetarians 3) E. coli in our intestines 4) Yogurt, Cheese, and Sauerkraut 5) Probiotics 6) Change chemicals 7) Decomposers

Answer 107

- bluegreen algea/cyano bacteria - TONS of this tuff - put O2 into environment - bottom of the food chain (protein powder - 65% protein), lots of things eat them.

Answer 108

- true vegetarians - cows, koalas - rabbits, deer - can't live without the bacteria to break down vegetarian

Answer 109

- the wrong stain from a cow/other places can kill you - have to have them - aid in digestion - produce vit K&B (she doesn't remember) - (only know if it's the good or bad one when you start having symptoms)

Answer 110

- made form bacteria fermentation process - when you take antibiotics, have you seen the warning of having severe diarhea? Tell you to give your children yoghurt? Cause they rob you of good bacteria, too, so you put the good stuff back into your body.

Answer 111

- live cultures (instead of yogurt, which has dead bacteria) - Activia ("to keep you regular") - it is a big deal. biggest organ system in your body. not only keep you regular, but possibly cure exema (not proven), prevent diseases- viral and bacterial, lower cholesterol (all this is what they say it does) even puts this stuff in the juicy cups of children. In the straws of juice boxes, etc.

Answer 112

- bacterias feed on sulfer, etc... and can change these into different things - Rhizobium sp. - lives in soil, fixes N2 (nitrogen gas) --> NH3 (ammonia), fertilizer and plants offer the bacteria living anaerobic environment in the roots of plants. (why farmers will plant clover or soybeans and let it sit and then turn it under for natural fertilizer.) and why are plant s important to us? Oxygen!

Answer 113

- nature's recyclers - break down dead/decaying waste (we'd have it covering up our bodies if they weren't breaking it down and return it to the soil to be used for other things) - biodegradable = the ability to be broken down by living things - bioremediation - clean up oil spill, filter sewage

Answer 114

- the simple eukaryotes - mixed up group - changes all the time - (plant like, animal like, fungus like) - not included in kingdoms for a while - designated by exclusion - if it did not fit the description of the other three (plant, fungus or animal). - "none of the above" category

Answer 115

1) Flagellated Protozoans 2) Amoeboid Protozoans 3) Cilliates 4) Sporozoans or Apicomplexans 5) Dinflagellates 6) Stramenophiles 7) Green Algae 8) Red Algae 9) Choanoflagellates

Answer 116

- largest, most diverse - most abundant - shape = all shapes - Loc: Flagella: long, then whip-like tails - Loc: Flagella: 1,2, tufd?? (clump) cover whole organism - nutrient: (food) Autotrophic = photosynthetic. Heterotrophic: 1) Holozoic 2) Parasitic 3) Saprozoic - reproduction: Asexual (DNA replicates, stuff duplicates, daughter cells, cloning) - Types: - Euglenoids or Euglena (sp.) - Trypanosomes - Trichomonas

Answer 117

- Flagellated Protozoan - Rod shaped - has 2 flagella - photosynthetic - have chloroplasts - Pellicle - flexible outer covering - easy and harmless

Answer 118

- Flagellated Protozoan - have 1 mitochondria - have 2 circular DNA - disease causing = T. buccii (causes African sleeping sickness - tsetse fly) T. cruzii (causes chagas disease, S. America - kissing bug - runs through blood stream) - people are carriers - * next big problem - possible carry for 20 years)

Answer 119

- flagellated protozoan - no mitochondria - lots of flagella - STD - in humans trichomoniasis - T. gallinae - STD in birds (doves), backyard killer, high metabolism/eat where they poop - Giordia - beaver fever, backpackers disease, drinking unclean water, cysts in water, boil orders - water - some good - some symbiotic (termites)

Answer 120

- amoeba cell type - shape: blob // asymetrical (always moving) - To move: Pseudopods - use "false feet", ooze or crawl, in watery environment - Food: Engulf food by phagocytosis (use feet) - Reproduce: asexual - Special - some can form cysts ex: fly to another environment by wind - Types: - Naked amoebas - Formaniferans - Radiolerians - Slime Molds - Acellular slime molds

Answer 121

- Amoeboid Protozoans - Naked amoebas: mostly harmless except for - Ex: Amuebic dysentary (diarrhea) - Ex: Wearing contacts - trapped acanthamoeba - eats retina in your eyes - Ex. Brain-eating amoeba - Found in warm waters, ponds, lakes - Up the nose - Fatal - 10 years ago it was rare - St. John the Baptist Parish - in tap water

Answer 122

- Amoeboid Protozoans - amoeba with a CaCo3 shell (calcium carbonate - white chalky stuff) - Pseudopods stick out holes - Marine - limestone - white cliffs of Dover

Answer 123

- Amoidboid Protozoans - amoeba with a silica shell (glass-like shell) - Pseudopods are stiff and stick out

Answer 124

- Amoieboid Protozoans - Cellular Slime Molds - Separate amoeba-like organisms - When food runs out emits chemical signal - Join from a pseudo plasmodium (slug-like) - To light - Forms a fruiting body - Spores are released

Answer 125

- Amoeboid Protozoans - True plasmodium - 1 giant mass - multi-nucleated, no cell membrane - Food runs out - Forms fruiting body - Spores released - Spore - Plasmodium

Answer 126

> 7000 spp. // Can see with the naked eye - Shape: Will vary - mostly elongated - To Move: Use cilia - Short hair like extensions - Beat in unison - Water - Food: use cilia to move food particles to a CYTOSOME (mouth opening) - Holozoic - ingest whole - Reproduction: Asexual (mostly) - Also have or use CONJUGATION - type of sexual reproduction - parents are different - survival technique - join at CYTOSOME and exchange micro-nuclei (think they are dying) - 2 nuclei - contractile vacuoles - act as a water pump (ex. paramecium)

Answer 127

- All pathogenic and parasitic - Disease causing - Shape: As an adult is a spore - No movement as an adult - Carried by VECTOR: - Bodily fluids - Transmitted by insects - Airborne - Travel by water - Multiple stages of life cycle (more complex) - Asexual (mostly) as spores - Types: - Plasmodium (sp) - Cryptosparidia (sp) - Toxoplasmosis (sp - Dinflagelates (sp)

Answer 128

- Sporozoan or Apicomplexan Protozan - Causes malaria - Spread by mosquitoes - Red blood cells erupt

Answer 129

- Sporozoan or Apicomplexan Protozoan - Common, highly contagious - Develop diarrhea - Child daycares - Found in pools / recreation water - Problem in public pools - Water system tainted

Answer 130

- Sporoxoan or ApicomplexAN pRotozoan - In cat litter - Bad for pregnant women - Affects fetus

Answer 131

- Mostly spherical (round) - Have 2 flagella - 1 long tail - 1 is in a circular groove - Swim in spiral pattern - Mostly photosynthetic & marine - Phytoplankton (in the water) - Pigments are reddish brown - Mostly asexual / some sexual - They want to be eaten by others - Produce a neuro-toxin - store inside “body” - Explosion of growth in warm-nutrient waters -- “ALGAE BLOOM” - Causes red tides - causes fish kills - During red tide - feeding frenzy (oysters, crabs, and shrimp) - Neurotoxins build up - Shellfish poisoning in humans - Biomagnification of neuro-toxin - Some glow blue - “Biolumenecent” - Defense mechanism from waves disturbance - Is parasitic - uses its neuro-toxins to attack fish - holes in side of fish - “eat” - Waste is washed into ocean

Answer 132

- mixed group, fine, long hairs - Water Molds - Diatoms or Chrysophytes - Brown Alage

Answer 133

- Stramenophiles protista - Visible - multi-cellular - Looks like threads - long white cottony threads - Fungus like - decomposer - Breaks stuff down - Parasitic - living host - Saprozoic - dead host - Plant-like - celluloids in cell walls - Sexual & asexual reproduction - “egg-like” structure - Ex. Downy mold - introduced into France, killed grapes - Ex. Late blight - in Ireland - killed all potatoes - people starved to death

Answer 134

- Stramenophiles protista - Photosynthetic - 70% of phytaplankton - Has a complex 2-part silica shell - Excess sugars stored as droplets in “box” (float on water) - Asexual reproduction until too small then sexual reproduction - Sink to bottom of ocean - Diatomaeseous earth - Harvest for abrasive or absorb (cat litter, toothpaste)

Answer 135

- Stramenophiles protista - Photosynthetic, marine - Pigments, brownish-gold, brownish-green - Seaweed - Multicellular - can be small / up to 100ft tall - Kelp - float in water // use GAS BLADDERS - Form floating kelp beds - Habitat for hiding - fish - Otters wrap themselves up and float - Ice cream, graves??, jellybeans - Thickening agent comes from algae

Answer 136

- Unicellular or multicellular (oldest) - Seaweed - Photosynthetic - Ancestor to land plants - Same pigments - Cellulose in cell walls - Stores sugars and starch - Some are flagellated (single cell) - Asexual & sexual reproduction

Answer 137

- Photosynthetic - Reddish to black seaweeds - Multicellular - small to large - Found in deep water, warm tropical - Some secrete CaCo3 - white chalky stuff - Calcium Carbonate - Helps form coral reef - Habitat for small fish - Highest biodiversity in water system - Harvest for sushi wraps - For agar-gel like stuff

Answer 138

- Ancestor to animals - Live single or colonial - A collar cell that traps its food - Asexual

GBIO 107 Test 2 Flashcards

(166 cards)