GBIO 107 Test 3 Flashcards
(92 cards)
1
Q
2) Roots (plant organ)
A
- 2 Root systems
- 5 Things that make a true root
2
Q
3) Flower
A
- to increase pollination, therefore fertillization
- holds the reproductive structures
- holds the male and female gametophytes
- 4 whorls
3
Q
4 whorls of the flower
A
1) Calyx
2) Corolla
3) Stamen
4) Carpel or Pistil
4
Q
sessile
A
don’t move!
5
Q
Facts about plants:
A
- photosynthetic
- multicellular
- eukaryotics
- sessile
- develop from a protected embryo
- alteration of generations
6
Q
Alteration of Generations
A
1) Sporophyte - diploid stage
2) Gametophyte - haploid stage
- alternate between these two multicellular things = their life cycle
- circle - cut in half, top side = diploid, 2 hamologous chromosomes, both left and right sock; bottom side = haploid, 1 set of chromosomes, top = sporophyate, bottom = gametophyate. Each stage will be multicellular. - How long they spend in each stage will define what kind of plant they are.
- sporophyte = 2N. Think of it as a pine tree. Produces spores.
- gametophyte =1N Spores now are haploid, develop into gametophyte. Pollen a gametophyate. Pollen + eggs + fertilization = seed. now diploid, sporophyate.
7
Q
Diploid
A
2 homologous chromosomes
8
Q
Haploid
A
1 heterozygous chromosomes
9
Q
Evolution of Land Plants
A
single - celled, green algae –> multicellular green algae –> land plants
10
Q
Photosynthesis Formula
A
CO2 + H2O + sunlight –> C6H12O6 (sugar) + O2 released as byproduct
11
Q
Advantages to Being on Land
A
1) more sunlight (no longer diluted through the water)
2) more carbon dioxide available in the atmosphere
3) more nutrients in the soil for plant growth
12
Q
Adaptations to Being on Land
A
1) Roots
2) Shoots
3) Cuticle
4) Stomata
- All plants have 1-4
5) Vascular Tissue
6) Lignin
- 5&6 what makes a plant grow tall, getting water to top of the tree and keeping it there
7) Seed Plants
- 1-7 = Vascular plants only
13
Q
Function of Roots
A
- fx = absorb water and nutrients
- fx = stability/anchor the plant
14
Q
Function of Shoots
A
- stems and leaves (above ground)
- fx = photosynthesis - absorbs sunlight, etc.
- but dries it out…losing water
15
Q
Function of Cuticle
A
- fx = prevents water loss
- thin waxy layer that covers the shoot system
- lipid, hydrophobic, doesn’t like water
- but how does carbon dioxide get in if it’s sealed off>
16
Q
Function of the Stomata
A
- pores that open and close
- fx = to allow for gas exchange (it all goes back to photosynthesis)
- CO2 in, O2 out, water/H2O out
17
Q
Function of the Vascular Tissue
A
- veins
- fx = transport stuff
- 2 types: Xylem and Phloem
18
Q
Xylem
A
- acts like a straw, sucking stuff up water and nutrients
- (from bottom to top)
19
Q
Phloem
A
- sugars go down and out (flows from top to bottom)
20
Q
Function of Lignin
A
- rigid, sticky stuff that
- fx = gives strength to the plant
- found inside the cells
21
Q
Function of Seed Plants
A
- have seeds, fruits, flowers, etc.
- most successful of vascular plants
22
Q
Plant Organs
A
1) Shoots
2) Roots
3) Flower
4) Fruit
23
Q
1) Shoots
A
- stems and leaves
- stems support plant, transport stuff, photosynthesis
- leaves - photosynthesis
24
Q
Main part of the Shoot System
A
= leaf
25
Main function of the Leaf
= photosynthesis
26
2 Root Systems
1) Fibrous Root system
| 2) Taproot Root system
27
Fibrous Root system
- monocot - primary root dies off
- primary, coming from the seed
- all the same size
28
Taproot Root system
- dicot
- primary root remains and has secondary roots
- one big root, secondary roots growing off (carrot?)
29
Root Parts - What Makes A True Root?
1) Root Cap
2) Epidermus
3) Root Hairs
4) Vascular Cylinder
5) Cortex
30
Root Cap
- dead cells that cover the apical meristem
| - so it doesn't get damaged/stop growing
31
Epidermus
- outermost layer
| - NO cuticle - it wants water!
32
Root Hairs
increase suface area of epidermis
33
Vascular Cylindar
- one giant vascular bundle (xylem and phloem)
| - water up, sugar down
34
Cortex
- stores stuff
| - converts sugar to starch
35
1) Calyx
- outermost whorl
| - made of sepals
36
Sepals
- green, leaf like (individually, sepals, together, Calyx)
37
2) Corolla
- next whorl in
- colorful part, attractant part
- made up of petals
38
3) Stamen
- male reproductive parts
| - made of two things: anther and filament
39
Anther
holds the pollen (pollen = male gametophyte, sperm)
40
Filament
holds the anther
41
4) Carpel or Pistil
- innermost whorl
- female reproductive parts
- made up of three things: stigma, style, ovary
42
Stigma
sticky part that catches the pollen
43
Style
tube that connects the stigma to the ovary
44
Ovary
holds the ovules (ovules hold the female gametophyte/eggs)
45
Other parts (not parts) of the flower:
- Receptacle
| - Pedicel
46
Perfect Flowers
= have all 4 whorles
47
Imperfect Flowers
- missing 1 or more whorls
| - when missing reproductive parts: staminate or pistillate
48
Staminate
has only stamens, no pistils
| boy flower
49
Pistillate
has only pistils, no stamens
| girl flower
50
Whole Plants with Imperfect Flowers
- Monoecious
| - Diecious
51
Monoecious
- "one house"
- both boy (staminate) and girl (pistillate) flowers on the same plant at the same time
- ex: oak
52
Diecious
- separate plants for sexes
- either male or female
- ex: holly or persimmon trees
if at Christmastime you never have berries on your holly tree, you have a male tree.
male persimmons will never bear fruit
53
Pollenation
1) Pollen is released by the anther
2) Pollen is captured by stigma
3) (Remember, pollen is multicellular gametophyte) Pollen germinates, grows a pollen tube, throw style to the ovary.
4) Sperm (not pollen) are released, sperm travel the tube, fertilize the eggs (and if everything's happy..)
Seeds develop (pollination stops there)
IF and everything is happy. ovary ripens, and turns into fruit.
54
Pollenation Syndrom
- why do some look and smell different? Trying to attract different things.
- common sense.
55
4) Fruit
- ripened ovary (USUALLY)
- * accessory fruit
- seed bearing organ of the plant (anything that has seeds is a fruit - whether you think it is or not)
- purpose of the fruit: seed dispersal (get it away from the parent plant - does it differently. Some things fly, some are eaten and carried away, etc.)
- has to do with the layers and how many seeds it has
simple or compound
-apple - part that's papery with seeds that no one likes to eat = the true fruit. The part that we do like to eat is accessory fruit = recepticle.
- strawberry aggregate of achene
56
Growth and Development
- when to put on fruits/fowers, etc. is dictated by hormones (mostly in the root system?)
- know some of the hormoes
57
Growtn and Development Hormones
1) Gibberellins
2) Auxins
3) Cytokinnins
4) Ethylene
5) Absisic Acid
-
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1) Gibberellins
- used in seed germination, springtime.
- first thing that pops out in the springtime? Flowers.
- "flower booster" (sold as this in fertilizer)
59
2) Auxins
- lengthens the shoots (otherwise known as primary growth**
- root or shoot tip (v. flowers, fruit, etc.)
- "root stimulator"
60
3) Cytokinnins
- encourages cell division (mitosis) w/out aging.
- Keeps cut flowers fresh
- little packet of stuff you get with bought flowers - makes them think they're still alive
61
4) Ethylene
- gas
- banans releas it
- ripens fruit, ages plants
- put hard avacado with banana in a brown paper bag, it'll ripen by that night
- most fruits and veggies from grocery markets not ripened on the plant
62
5) Absisic Acid
- Promotes dormancy (wintertime)
- makes leaves, fruit fall off
- so we can manipulate plants with the hormones just like in people - but can't have it all at once, doesn't work.
63
angiosperms most dominant plant on earth???
?
64
How do you identify plants?
- stems, leaves?
65
Inflourescences
- where flowers occur in multiples
66
Leaf ID
- Leaf Composition
- Leaf Arrangement
- Leaf Venation
67
Leaf Composition
- 1st thing you look at
- simple and compound
- pinnately (bi, tri)
- palmately
- odd or even
68
Simple Leaf Composition
(blade, petiole, node, axillary bud)
69
Compound Leaf Composition
- has multiple blades (now no longer call them blades, call them leaflets)
- still axillary bud
- branching stems = "rachis"
- still petiole
70
Pinnately Compound
- leaflets going in opposite directions from the petiole
71
Palmately Compound
- all the leaflets come from one spot (like fingers on a palm)
- trifoliate
- how many leaves? ONE 1 axillary bud
72
Leaf Arrangement
- Second thing you look at
- Alternate = 1 leaf at the node (the leaves on the stem, NOT the leaflets on THE leaf)
- Opposite = 2 leaves at the node
- Whorled = 3 leaves at the node (not at the terminal end perspective. there, everything looks whorled. apical maristem.)
73
Leaf Venation
- 3rd thing you look at
| - 2 things you look at: parallel (monocot, blade of grass, paralell veins) and Net (pinnate, palmate or arcuate)
74
Pinnate Venation
- mid rib, outer ribs branch out from it at the same places in opposite directions
75
Palmate Venation
- Main veins branch out from the same spot (maple), through lesser veins may branch out form those
76
Arcuate Venation
- main rib, curved veins alternating from it
77
Other Leaf ID things...
- Leaf Shapte
- Leaf Apex
- Leaf Base
- Leaf Margin
78
Why does Plant ID matter?
1) Manage for Wildlife
2) Plants we use for medicines
3) Food
4) Poisonous
5) Aesthetics
6) Native vs. Exotic?
7) Ecosystem Health
8) Money
79
3 Types of Tissue
1) Dermal Tissue
2) Ground Tissue
3) Vascular Tissue
80
Dermal Tissue
• Epidermis- Outer most layer and is 1 cell layer thick
o Secretes the cuticle
o Thin waxy layer
• Root hairs
o Fine extensions of dermal tissue on the roots that increases the surface area
• Periderm
o Dead cells on the outside that build up Thick with cuticle
Ex: Bark
81
Ground Tissue
```
• Makes up the bulk of the plant
• Parenchyma
o Soft and pliable
o Where Photosynthesis and mitosis take place
• Collenchyma
o Flexible and a little bit stronger
• Sclerenchyma
o Has linguin
o Gritty hard stuff
```
82
Vascular Tissue
* Transport stuff
* Xylem- Goes up
* Phloem- Goes down
83
Plant Growth
Always growing-Grows from the tip
Only grow from certain kind of tissue
• Meristem Cell
84
Meristem Cell
- Apical Meristem
| - Lateral Meristem
85
Apical Meristem
- Primary growth
- This lengthens the plant creating a true tip growth
- Root tip or shoot tip
86
Lateral Meristem
- Secondary growth
- Side Stem growth
- Diameter growth
87
Root system
- stuff below the ground
- typically branched
- 6 functions
88
6 Functions of the Root
```
• Absorb nutrients and water
• Transportation
• Anchor the plant
• Store excess sugar
• Produce some hormones
• Interact with microorganisms
o Mycorrhizae
o Rhysobium
o Truffle
```
89
Form and Function of Angiosperms
- 4 organs
- shoot system
- root system
- plant growth
- 3 types of tissue
90
4 organs of angiosperms
1) shoots
2) roots
3) fruits
4) flowers
91
shoot system
- stuff above ground
- leaves, stems, flowers, fruits
- 4 functions
92
4 functions of shoot system
1) Transportation of water/nutrients
2) Photosynthesis (leaves and stems)
3) Reproduction
4) Hormone synthesis
