Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

bio > gen bio 2 exam 4 > Flashcards

gen bio 2 exam 4 Flashcards

(75 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Point Mutations

A

Silent: The substitution results in the same amino acid in the codon
Missense: The substitution results in the wrong amino acid
Nonsense: The mutation results in a stop codon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Frame Shift Mutations

A

Deletions and Insertions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Cancer

A

Uncontrolled cell division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

g1 checkpoint

A

Is there DNA damage?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

g2 checkpoint

A

is all DNA replication done?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

m checkpoint

A

All the chromosomes attached to mitotic spindle apparatus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Contact Inhibition

A

Stop multiplying when connected with other cells, usually not present in cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Why is targeting cancer treatment difficult?

A

High mutation rates in cancer, so proteins often targeted change quickly, so targeted treatment is difficult

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Microbes/nanobes

A

bacteria
archaea
protists
fungi
viruses
prions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Antonie can leewenuelk

A

Discovered microbes after improving microscope in 1600’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Lious Pasteur

A

Questioned origin of microbial life, and argued against life from non-life by his flask experiment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

E. Coli O157-H7

A

Produce Shiga toxin which causes bloody diahherea and dehydration, while normal E. Coli is a normal and healthy bacteria that provide b12 and vitamin K, protects against harmful bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Anti Biotics

A

made by Bacteria or other microbes, which can kill other bacteria or microbes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Prokaryotes as decomposers

A

about 10^30 bacteria
Produce and secrete catabolic enzymes, then absorb the broken down parts
Genetically modified bacteria to break down hydrocarbons, can be used in oil spill cleanups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Nitrogen Fixation

A

N2->NH3
Done primarily by cyanobacteria with heterocyst
Produced the current atmospheric oxygen we have

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Bacteria in Food Production

A

Use dot make some foods:
Milk -> yogurt
Grain -> beer
Grape -> wine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Research uses for bacteria

A

Glimpse at early life and machinery
DNA is produced in bacteria
use bacteria to produce insulin
used to modify blood types, A -> o and B-> o
Sewage treatment
Use to degrade toxins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

cancer treatment w/ bacteria

A

using bacteria (salmonella) to deliver drugs to tumors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Emerging disease

A

MDR - Multi-Drug-Resistant
MSRA - type of skin bacteria, but ~2% of them are heavily resistant to antibiotic, can cause severe infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

ANtibiotics

A

Speedup the process of MDR bacteria generation
Target 1 metabolic pathway of bacteria, typically ribosomes or cell wall as eukaryotic cells are different enough to not be damaged, and must be toxic enough to kill bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Shapes of bacteria

A

Coccus - ball
Bacillus - Rod
Spirilla - Spiral
Vibrio - Comma
.22 nm - .5 micro meter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Growth types

A

Diplococcus - grow in pairs
Staphylococcus - Grow in spherical colonies
Streptococcus - Grow in chain links

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Bacterial Structures

A

Plasma Membrane
Cell wall
Capsule
Fimbriae
Flagella
Cytoplasm
Plasmids
Circular DNA
Nucleoid
Pili

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Virus

A

obligate parasite
25-250 nano meters
Capsid:
protein coat of subunits
Molecular recognition
redirect host cell activity
Nulceic Acid:
single or double strand
Envelope:
sometimes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Steps of lytic viral infectrion
1) Recognition : Viral stake binds to specific membrane protein 2) Entry: endocytosis or nucleic acid injection 3)Uncoating: protein coat on DNA seperates 4) Replication: host ribosome uses viral mRNA 5) assembly 6) exit: exocytosis or cell pops
25
Lysogenic viral infection
Has a latent stage somewhere between uncoating and replication Viral DNA integrates into host DNA (integrase)
26
Plasmid
Few genes small circular Bacteria some may contain drug resistance genes
27
Transduction
Movement of DNA from 1 bacteria to another through a virus, virus acts as a vector when some bacterial DNA is integrated into viral DNA during replication, when virus infects next bacteria it spreads bacterial genes
28
RNA virus
Viral RNA needs to be copied ot make new viruses, diuplicaiton initially results in a complementary strand not exact copy so it is copied again to get same strand Enzyme used is RNA dependant polymerase releaesed from viral coat
29
Retoviruses
use reverse transcriptase to turn a ssRNA to an ssDNA, which is a complementary DNA strand, but then the ssDAN copied again to make a dsDNA, integrated into host DNA Done by enzyme reverse transcriptase (RNA dependant DNA polymerase)
30
Classification of Flus
H#N# Hemagglutin is fo rentering Neuraminisade used for exit H2N3 seasonal flu H1N1 swine flu H5N1 avian flu
31
Antivirals
Not as effective as antibiotics Target reverse transcriptases, proteasesm hemagluttin, neuramisidase
32
Reverse Transcrptase Inhibitors
AZT (Azidothymine) - has different molecular struture so 3' carbon isnt available to attatch next nucleotide to
33
Viroids
Naked viral DNA Only infects plants Does not code for proteins
34
Prions
Proteins that are misfolde - induce other proteins to misfold Kills nerve cells Breaks convention that RNA/DNA is necessary for pathogenic behaivor
35
Hormone Definition
Organic signaling molecule produced by cells to signal other cells
36
Ranges of hormones
Autocrine Juxtracrine Paracrine Endocrine
37
4 major classes of hormones
Peptide AA derivatives Steroid Hormones Fatty Acid derivatives
38
Peptide Hormones
Insulin (51 AA) Vasopressin (ADH, 9 AA)
39
AA derivative hormone
Chemically modified amino acids Epinephrine is modified tyrosine
40
Steroid Hormones
Synthesized from cholesterol
41
Fatty Acid derivatives
Arachidonic acid - > synthesize protoglastins
42
What types of hormones are water soluble? Lipid soluble?
Peptide/AA derivative (- thyroxine) Lipid/Fatty Acid derivative (+thyroxine)
43
What can hormones do?
- open/close membrane channels - activate/inhibit enzymes - turn genes on/off - stimulate cell cycle - stimulate production of other hormones
44
Transport of hormone
Water soluble - freely dissolve in tissues Lipid soluble - Travel bound to carrier proteins (albumin/globulins)
45
Half life of hormones
The amount of time it takes for the concentration of a hormone to half
46
Antagonism
When the effects on one hormone is the opposite of another (glucagon/insulin)
47
negative feedback
when the effect of a process reduces a change
48
Positive feedbaclk
When the result f a process amplifies that process
49
Signal transduction in peptide hormones
1) hormone binds to its receptor 2) g-protein is activated and detached (GPD exchanged for GTP) 3)adenylate cyclase is activated by the free g-protein 4)Adenylate cyclase turns ATP - > cAMP 5) PKA is activated (phosphorylases other proteins to have an effect in the cell)
50
Signal transduction in steroid hormones
1) steroid passes thru cell membrane into cytoplasm 2) binds with its target receptor int he cytoplasm 3) hormone receptor complex enters nuclear envelope and attaches to target gene 4) hormone receptor complex acts as a transcription factor for a specific gene
51
What is immunity?
Ability to resist pathogenic materials
52
What are the two typs of defense?
Innate and Adaptive
53
What is innate defense/
- always running to protect against everything - surface barriers like skin salty/acidic secretions microbiome - internal defenses like NK cells, Phagoytes, anti microbe proteins and Inflamamtion/fever
54
Phagocytes
Engulf and digest foreign substances - macrophages - neutrophils - innate
55
Natural Killer cells
- induce apoptosis in cancerous or cells infected with viruses - does this by detectign abnormal surface proteins - innate
56
Eosinophils
- surround parasites and release deadly chemicals - innate
57
Inflammation
- heat - swelling - redness - pain - caused by signaling molecules that make capillaries leaky and cause pain - innate
58
fever
- increase of body temperature - increased speed of reactions - makes liver and spleen hoard zinc+iron which bacteria use
59
What is a part of the humoral response?
B-lymphocytes: -Plasma Cells: produce antibodies -Memory cells : long lasting and activate immune response quicker
60
What is part of the cellular response?
T-Lymphocytes: 1) Cytotoxic: cell-cell killing 2) Helper: communication in lymphocytes 3) Suppressor: limits immune response 4) Memory: same as b-lymphocyte memory
61
Antigen presenting cells
Eats pathogens, puts digested fragments on cell walls and presents to progenitor lymphocytes to activate them
62
Antigen vs Antibody
Antigen is the pathogen, antibody is the corresponding binding site
63
Antibodies
Immunoglobulins made of 2 heavy and 2 light side chains looks like Y, at end of 2 arms are Fab site which bind to antigen, and at bottom is Fc site which binds to white blood cells
64
Antibody actions
1) Neutralization: binds and masks dangerous parts of antigen 2) Precipitation : Antibodies crosslink antigens making a clump 3) Opsonization : Antibodies serve as handles on a pathogen for macrophages 4) Compliment Fixation: Compliment proteins in blood for a membrane attack complex, forming a hole in the antigen
65
Class MHC1`
Surface of all cells ususally displays self proteins from broken down parts Dendritic cells have non-self antigens
66
Class MHC2
Surface of certain immune system cells (APC's) Display non-self antigens
67
Central Role of Th
- Reads what APC show - TCR (t-cell receptor) and CD4 reads what antigen is shown If foreign antigen found, Th is activated, this activates Cytotoxic and Memory T-cells
68
Tc Cell
Tc has CD8 to read MH1, causes 1/2 activation Injects perforin into target cells making pores Granzyme is injected to break down proteins and cause apoptosis
69
Autoimmune Disease
- Loss of ability to distinguish self from non-self - immune system attacks self - Theory that infectios agent has similar antigens to self - Partial immunosuppression to treat - Dexamethasone : stimulates t-reg
70
Allergies
Allergen: antigens that provoke immune respones while not being harmful Allergen binds to Ige antibody on B-cell to activate them B-cell then makes antibodies, which attatch to mast cell, these bind to masst cells When allergen binds to antibody on mast cell histamines released
71
HIV
Retrovirus Doesnt kill macrophages upon exit, but a mutation will allow it to infect Th cells, which it does kill upon exit
72
Efferent -> afferent
Sensory input -> integration of info - > motor output
73
nerve cells
large and complex live for whole life a-mitotic high metabolic rate excitable membrane
74

bio (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions