GEN CHEM MIDTERM Flashcards by Flavitsi UNITY

refers to the force
that causes the molecules on the
surface of a liquid to be pushed
together and form a layer.
Explains why a drop of liquid is
spherical in shape.
Explains why a water strider can
walk on the surface of the water.

surface tension

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formed between same atoms or atoms
with very similar electronegativities.

non polar covalent bond

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??? substance
Liquid substance
that forms a
solution with liquid
solvent

miscibility

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??? is a relatively strong
force of attraction between molecules,
and considerable energy is required to
break hydrogen bonds. HYDROGEN JUST WANNA HAVE FON

Hydrogen bonding

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As temperature increases,
the ??? also
increases.

vapor pressure

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●Symmetric
●All the sides around
the central atom are
identical (bonded to
the same element
with no unshared
pairs of electrons.)

non polar compound

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Is the measure of
liquid’s
consistency and
resistance to flow.
is a measure of the
substance’s
intermolecular
force of attraction(IMFA)

Viscosity

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are characterized by
an extended threedimensional arrangement of
atoms, ions, or molecules in
which the components are
generally locked into their
positions.

Solids

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Contains two or more
kind of atoms

compound

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4 TYPES OF INTERMOLECULAR FORCES

London Dispersion Forces(LDF)
Dipole-dipole Forces(DDF)
Hydrogen Bond
Ion-dipole Forces(IDF)

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freezing(s to l
condensation(g to l
deposition(g to s

exothermic

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sub atomic particles

proton, neutron, electron

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Is the pressure
resulting from the
evaporation of a
liquid above a
sample of the liquid
in a closed
container.
At a certain temperature,
some molecules of a
liquid escape into the gas
phase on top of the liquid.
This gas is referred to as vapor.

VApor Pressure

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Forces that act or
exist between
molecules or
particles in the solid
or liquid states

Intermolecular model

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similar
electronegativities
Sharing of electrons
Nonmetals-nonmetals

covalent bond

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Basic building
blocks of matter
Smallest part of a
substance that
cannot be broken
down chemically

atoms

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types of intramolecular forces of attraction

IONIC BOND
COVALENT BOND
METALLIC BOND

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Formed when atoms of slightly
different electronegativities share
electrons

polar covalent bond

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the ability to be a solution as a solute

solubility

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A quantity that
describes the
polarity of a bond
in a molecule.

dipole

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Is the temperature at which the
vapor pressure of the liquid is equal
to the atmospheric pressure.
“The higher the vapor pressure of a
liquid, the lower its ???”

boiling point

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transfer of valence electron

Ionic bond

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absorbtion of energy

endothermic

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yep or nah: Intermolecular forces is stronger than intramolecular forces

Nah, dats a cap. it’s the other way around?reverse

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Also called Van Der Waals forces (named after a Dutch chemist, Johannes Van Der Waal)

Intermolecular model

The pressure exerted by a vapor in a closed container is called the ???. If a liquid has weak intermolecular forces of attraction, the escaping tendency of the molecules is high.” this causes a high ??? of the liquid

vapor pressure

If the electrons in the outermost shell are filled completely or partially then it is regarded as stable atom

stable atom

atomic radius increase

to the lower left

For a liquid to boil, enough energy must be supplied to disrupt intermolecular forces among its molecules.

Boiling point

* Contains only one kind of atom

element

Process in which a solute mixes with the solvent to form a homogeneous mixture

dissolution process

Model that explains the behavior of Matter

kinetic molecular model

Are attractive forces between the positive end of one polar molecule and negative end of another polar molecule.

Dipole-dipole forces(DDF)

It is physical change in the state of matter. involve the absorption or release of energy (heat)

phase change

* There is space between particles. * The amount of space in between particles is related to the substance’s state of matter.

Postulates of Kinetic Molecular Theory

the component being dissolved to make a solution

Solute

They can aggregate with "no particular long-range order", and form an ???

amorphous solids

location of proton and neutron

nucleus

regular solids of particles long order of arrangement of particles True solids sharp melting points anisotrophic naturally(diff physical properties in diff direction)-speed of light different

crystalline solidq

They can form a regular repeating "three dimensional structure" called a crystal lattice, thus producing a ???

crystalline solid

The amount of kinetic energy in a substance is related to its temperature

Postulates of Kinetic Molecular Theory

Number of proton is equals to the number of electron

in neutral atom

however, an increase in temperature decreases ???

surface tension

irregular solids short order of arrangement pseudo solids/super cool liquids(ability to flow overtime range melting points Isotrophic naturally(same physical properties same direction)-speed of light same

amorphous solids

If IMFA is strong, the liquid will have a high ???. “The higher the temperature, the lower the liquid’s ???"

viscosity

Force of attraction between a charge ion (cation or anion) and a molecule

Ion-dipole forces(IDF)

* Particles are very closely packed and are strongly attracted to each other * Vibrate a little; vibrate faster when heated

Solid Particles

two groups of solid

* crystalline solids * amorphous solids

Two kinds of molecular forces/attraction

Intramolecular, Intermolecular

Has definite volume, but has no fixed shape Has particles that can move and are in close contact

Liquid properties

diff of the two groups of solid

The differences in properties of these two groups of solids arise from the "presence or absence of a long-range order" of arrangements of the particles in the solid.

* Not rigid * No fixed shape * No fixed volume * Easy to compress

Gas Properties

Is the amount of heat needed to vaporize a given amount of substance at its boiling point. “Substances with high ??? have strong intermolecular forces of attraction (imfa).”

heat of vaporization

are the forces that hold atoms together within a molecule.

Intramolecular

Melting(s to l vaporization(l to g sublimation(s to g

endothermic

● Asymmetric ● Having atoms with different electronegativities bonded. (molecule in which one end is slightly positive while the other end is slightly negative.

polar molecules

release of energy

exothermic

* Occurs among metals * Sharing of electrons among all the atoms in a metal lattice

metallic bond

A ??? is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances

solution

the medium in which substance is dissolved

solvent

* Has no definite shape but has a definite volume * Flow and take the shape of the container * Almost incompressible * Expands when heated

Liquid Property

location of electron

atoms orbit

The properties of solids and liquids are explained by the kinetic molecular model in terms of the forces of attraction and the kinetic energy of individual particles.

Kinetic molecular model

atomic radius decreases

to the upper right

Types of covalent bond

non polar and polar

* Particles are less closely packed and are weakly attracted to each other; interaction breaks easily * Vibrate and move more than those in solids; move faster when heated

Liquid Particles

Molecules in the liquid can go into the gas phase easily if intermolecular forces among them are weak

vapor pressure

Pull the particles together while kinetic energy keeps the particles at a distance and/or moving

Intermolecular model

Phase changes happen when the temperature of the substance changes sufficiently.

Postulates of Kinetic Molecular Theory

Liquids that are readily converted into gases are ???. *Have weaker intermolecular forces, thus they are converted easily into gas example rubbing alcohol

volatile

* The weakest of the intermolecular forces * Exist between all types of molecules, whether ionic or covalent – polar or nonpolar. * The more electrons a molecule has, the stronger the ??? are.

London dispersion forces(LDF)

* Has a definite shape and volume * Do not flow * Virtually incompressible * Slightly expands when heated, but to a lesser extent than liquids

Solid properties

Is the spontaneous movement of a liquid into a narrow tube or porous material against the force of gravity. It's driven by the combined forces of adhesion and cohesion.

Capillary action

yep or nah:the cohesion pulls/sticks the same molecules?substance while adhesion pulls/sticks in between different molecules

yep, frfr

* Matter is made of particles that are constantly in motion.

Postulates of Kinetic Molecular Theory

the strength of ??? depends on the intermolecular force of attraction. the stronger the intermolecular force of attraction, the greater the ???

surface tension

This is a special kind of dipole-dipole interaction that occurs specially between a hydrogen atom bonded to either an oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine atom. HYDROGEN JUST WANNA HAVE FON

Hydrogen bonding

* Far apart * Very little attraction * Constantly moving

Gas Particles

Molecules at the surface are pulled downward and sideways by other molecules, not upward away from the surface. These intermolecular forces tend to pull the molecules into the liquid and cause the surface to tighten like an elastic film or "skin"

surface tension

GEN CHEM MIDTERM Flashcards

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