gen med: heart conditions and diabetes

Question 1

what are arrythmias?

Answer 1

abnormal heart rhythm that is too slow, too fast or irregular

Question 2

what are three types of atrial arrythmias?

Answer 2

ectopic
bradicardia
tachycardia

Question 3

what is an ectopic heart beat?

Answer 3

extra heartbeat which occurs out of sync

Question 4

what is bradicardia?

Answer 4

slow heartbeat <60 beats per minute

Question 5

what is tachycardia?

Answer 5

fast heartbeat >100 beats per minutes

Question 6

what are ventricular arrythmias?

Answer 6

uncommon, irregular beat of the ventricles but the rate in the atria is normal

Question 7

what is aortic stenosis?

Answer 7

narrowing of the aortic valve caused by calcification –> partial restricted blood flow from the left ventricle into the oarta –> reduced cardiac output

Question 8

what is postural hypotension?

Answer 8

drop in blood pressure, usually >20/10 mmHg (usually when standing up from seated position)

Question 9

which virus causes glandular fever/ infectious mononucleosis?

Answer 9

Epstein-Bar virus

Question 10

what are s&s of infectious mononucleosis?

Answer 10

fever
sore throat
lymphadenopathy
muscle and joint aches
fatigue
splenomegaly
tonsillar exudate
maculo-papular rash

Question 11

what is myalgic encephalitis?

Answer 11

chronic fatigue syndrome

Question 12

what are s&s of myalgic encephalitis?

Answer 12

fatigue
malaise
pain
cognitive problems
sleep dysfunction
immune or neurological autonomic symptoms
symptoms persist for at leasts 4 months

Question 13

what is the mechanism behind hypertension?

Answer 13

increased cardiac output
increase in peripheral resistance

Question 14

what are the possible treatments for hypertension?

Answer 14

beta blockers
ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptors blockers reduce vasocontstrictions
calcium channel blockers
diuretics

Question 15

what is congestive cardiac failure?

Answer 15

inability of the heart to adequately perfuse and oxygenate the body to maintain homeostasis

Question 16

what are the most common symptoms in cardiac heart failure?

Answer 16

fluid retention (and oedema)
breathlessness
decrease in exercise intolerance

Question 17

what is systolic dysfunction?

Answer 17

lack of ejection force

Question 18

what is diastolic dysfunction?

Answer 18

lack of filling pressure

Question 19

what are the s&s of left ventricle failure?

Answer 19

SOB
poor exercise tolerance
fatigue
nocturnal cough or wheeze
cold peripheries

Question 20

what are the s&s of right ventricle failure?

Answer 20

oedema
nausea

Question 21

what is the function of red blood cells?

Answer 21

they contain haemoglobin which carries oxygen to the tissues

Question 22

what is the cause of anaemia?

Answer 22

decrease is red blood cells
decrease in RBC function
–> inadequate oxygen delivery to the tissues

Question 23

which blood tests can be done to diagnose anaemia?

Answer 23

hemoglobin test
mean corpuscular volume
iron status
vit B12 folate

Question 24

what are possible signs of anaemia?

Answer 24

pallor (blood shunted away from skin and other organs)
tachycardia (heart trying to compensate for less effective blood)
exertional dyspnoea

Question 25

what is leukeamia?

Answer 25

cancer of cells in the bone marrow

Question 26

what is another name for red blood cells?

Answer 26

erythrocytes

Question 27

what is another name for white blood cells?

Answer 27

leukocytes

Question 28

which components do leukocytes consist of?

Answer 28

neutrophils lymphocytes eosinophils monocytes basophils

Question 29

where are leukocytes (wbc's) made?

Answer 29

in the bone marrow by stem cells

Question 30

what are the three main types of leukemia?

Answer 30

acute lymphoblastic leukaemia chronic myeloid leukaemia chronic lymphocytic leukaemia

Question 31

what are the s&s of leukaemia?

Answer 31

anaemia blood clotting problems serious infections lymphadenopathy splenomegaly pain in bones or joints persistent fever weight loss

Question 32

which tests are done to diagnose leukaemia?

Answer 32

full blood count bone marrow sample cell and chromosome analysis lumbar puncture

Question 33

what is diabetes?

Answer 33

deficiency or diminished effectiveness of insulin

Question 34

what is the main function of insulin?

Answer 34

regulates the body's energy supply by balancing micronutrient levels during the fed state

Question 35

which organ secretes digestive enzymes and produces insulin and glucagon?

Answer 35

pancreas

Question 36

what is diabetes type 1?

Answer 36

body fails to produce enough insulin due to destruction of beta cells in the Islets of Langerhans

Question 37

what is diabetes type 2?

Answer 37

the body become resistant to insulin most common type

Question 38

what is gestational diabetes?

Answer 38

pregnant women with high level blood glucose level during pregnancy

Question 39

what is maturity onset diabetes?

Answer 39

several forms of diabetes with impaired insulin secretion

Question 40

what are the most common causes of secondary diabetes?

Answer 40

pancreatic disease medications (steroids) endocrine disease

Question 41

what s&s do all types of diabetes present with?

Answer 41

polyuria and polydipsia (excessive thirst and urinary frequency) lethargy (tiredness, fatigue) boils (inflammation of hair collicles) recurrent infections blurred vision numbness or tingling in feet

Question 42

what are typical s&s for DM1?

Answer 42

sudden weight loss polyuria and polydipsia dehydration hyperventilation ketonuria (high keton levels in urine) --> symptoms are acute with short duration

Question 43

what are typical symptoms for DM2?

Answer 43

may be asymptomatic polyuria and polydipsia no weight loss altered mental state blurred vision infections neuropathy ulcers retinopathy (damage to blood vessels in the retina of the eye --> blindness) arterial disease

Question 44

what are the diagnostic blood tests for DM?

Answer 44

random blood sugar level >11.1 mmol/l fasting blood sugar level > 7.0 mmol/l glucose tolerance test GTT > 11.1 mmol/l hba1c (measures average blood sugar level over 2-3 months) normal value 6.5-7%

Question 45

what is the treatment for DM1?

Answer 45

insulin injections (2-4 times a day)

Question 46

what medication is used for DM2?

Answer 46

oral hypoglycaemic agents metformin medicatoin sulfonylurea

Question 47

what is hypoglycaemia?

Answer 47

low blood sugar level, its a common side effect of DM2 treatment

Question 48

what is the metabolic syndrome?

Answer 48

a cluster of cardiovascular disease risk factors whose underlying pathophysiology may be related to insulin resistance

Question 49

how and when do you diagnose someone with metabolic syndrome?

Answer 49

when 3 or more of the following are present: large waistline high triglyceride level low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level high BP high fasting blood sugar

Question 50

what are s&s of peripheral neuropathy?

Answer 50

loss of pinprick touch, temperature and vibration sense in a glove and stocking distribution

Question 51

what is a diabetic amyotrophy/ proximal neuropathy?

Answer 51

nerve damage due to underlying diabetes

Question 52

what are s&s of diabetic amyotrophy/ proximal neuropathy?

Answer 52

asymmetrical wasting of muscles in the pelvis and thigh back and knee pain loss of quadriceps reflex subtle sensory features