Gender

Question 1

DOMINANCE vs DIFFERENCE

Define the dominance model

Answer 1

Men are naturally more dominant

Question 2

DOMINANCE vs DIFFERENCE

Define the difference module

Answer 2

Men and women are different, and therefore use different language

Question 3

OTTO JESPERSON 1922

What did Jesperson say about the frequency of women’s language?

Answer 3

Women talk alot

Question 4

OTTO JESPERSON 1922

What type of sentences do women use?

Answer 4

Half finished sentences

Question 5

OTTO JESPERSON 1992

Are women more emotional or grammatical with their language?

Answer 5

Emotional

Question 6

OTTO JESPERSON 1922

What do women frequently use?

Answer 6

Adjectives and hyperboles

Question 7

OTTO JESPERSON 1922

Do women have a smaller vocabulary than men, and if so what does this lead to?

Answer 7

Yes, meaning they are better at speaking it fluently

Question 8

OTTO JESPERSON 1922

Who does Jesperson say are responsible for adding new words to the English Language?

Answer 8

Men

Question 9

O’BARR and ATKINSON

What do these linguists say about language differences?

Answer 9

They are power specific rather than gender specific

Question 10

O’BARR and ATKINSON

What did these linguists study?

Answer 10

A variety of courtroom cases

Question 11

O’BARR and ATKINSON

How long did they study courtroom cases for?

Answer 11

30 months

Question 12

O’BARR and ATKINSON

What were these linguists examining?

Answer 12

Lakoff’s deficit model

Question 13

O’BARR and ATKINSON

What did they discover?

Answer 13

Lakoff’s proposed differences were not necessarily being a woman but of being powerless

Question 14

O’BARR and ATKINSON

What was the proof they found?

Answer 14

• 1st man and woman both spoke with a high frequency of ‘woman’s language’
• Doctors and Police offices who testified using ‘men’s language’, even if they were female, higher position in society

Question 15

ZIMMERMAN and WEST

What did these linguists find about mixed sex conversations?

Answer 15

Men are more likely to interrupt than women

Question 16

GEOFFREY BEATTIE

What did Beattie find about interruptions?

Answer 16

Women and men interrupted with more or less equal frequency

Question 17

GEOFFREY BEATTIE

Why was Beattie critical of Zimmerman and West’s investigation?

Answer 17

Sample size

Question 18

PAMELA FISHMAN

What does Fishman argue about conversations between men and women?

Answer 18

They fail due to how men respond

Question 19

PAMELA FISHMAN

What does Fishman question?

Answer 19

Lakoff’s view that tag questions demonstrate female hesitancy

Question 20

PAMELA FISHMAN

What does Fishman claim?

Answer 20

In mixed sex interactions men speak twice as much as women

Question 21

JENNIFER COATES 1986

What does Coates theorise?

Answer 21

Girls and boys develop largely different styles of speaking due to interactions in same sex groups

Question 22

LANGUAGE AND GENDER

Define sex

Answer 22

Biological differences between men and women

Question 23

LANGUAGE AND GENDER

Define gender

Answer 23

Behaviour and roles that are a result of societal expectations

Question 24

LANGUAGE AND GENDER

What is the socialisation process?

Answer 24

Individuals have their behaviour conditioned and shaped

Question 25

LANGUAGE AND GENDER | What is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?

Answer 25

Language shapes the way we think, and therefore what we think about

Question 26

LANGUAGE AND GENDER | Define anthropomorphism

Answer 26

Projecting human behaviour onto the animal world

Question 27

LANGUAGE AND GENDER | What is lexical marking?

Answer 27

Adding the suffix, -ess, to distinguish between gender

Question 28

PAUL BAKER | What did Paul Baker investigate?

Answer 28

The extent of marked language in a range of gendered texts

Question 29

PAUL BAKER | What did Paul Baker find?

Answer 29

'Girl' is more likely to be used in a derogatory way

Question 30

IS ENGLISH A SEXIST LANGUAGE? | What is lexical priming and who investigated it?

Answer 30

Hoey 2005, where words are ready made for certain meanings due to habitual use, such as 'ok guys' opposed to 'ok everyone'

Question 31

ROBIN LAKOFF: THE DEFICIT MODEL | What did Lakoff conclude?

Answer 31

Women were disadvantaged by adopting language which made them sound more passive and unconfident

Question 32

ROBIN LAKOFF: THE DEFICIT MODEL | Give examples of 'women's speech' in the deficit model

Answer 32

Intensifiers, polite forms, tag questions, emphatic language, hypercorrect grammar, lack of humour

Question 33

ROBIN LAKOFF: THE DEFICIT MODEL | Give examples of 'men's speech' in the deficit model

Answer 33

Frequent imperatives, interrupt more, swear more, tell more jokes, simplified vocabulary, use more non-standard forms

Question 34

ROBIN LAKOFF: THE DEFICIT MODEL | What does Lakoff's deficit model suggest?

Answer 34

The male way of speaking is normal and women diverge away from the norm

Question 35

ROBIN LAKOFF: THE DEFICIT MODEL | Give two explanations for why women and men speak differently

Answer 35

Social class, and societal expectations of women

Question 36

``` ROBIN LAKOFF: THE DEFICIT MODEL Why does social class encourage men and women to speak differently? ```

Answer 36

More important to women than men, the speech qualities they use such as hypercorrect grammar is indicative of class.

Question 37

ROBIN LAKOFF: THE DEFICIT MODEL | Why do societal expectations of women cause them to talk differently?

Answer 37

Women expected to behave better than men, 'boys will be boys'

Question 38

DEBORAH TANNEN | What did Tannen find?

Answer 38

Men understand men, and women understand women

Question 39

DEBORAH TANNEN | What do women focus on?

Answer 39

Overlapping

Question 40

DEBORAH TANNEN | What do men focus on?

Answer 40

Interrupting

Question 41

DEBORAH TANNEN | What does Tannen claim about why women overlap and men interrupt?

Answer 41

Women want to agree or encourage, men want to control and asset status

Question 42

DEBORAH TANNEN | What leads to a breakdown in communication?

Answer 42

Men and women could say the same thing but mean completely different ideas

Question 43

DEBORAH TANNEN | Define status vs support

Answer 43

Men use language to show power, women to agree

Question 44

DEBORAH TANNEN | Define independence vs intimacy

Answer 44

Men use language to show they don't rely on others, women connect

Question 45

DEBORAH TANNEN | Define advice vs understanding

Answer 45

Men offer solutions but women offer empathy

Question 46

DEBORAH TANNEN | Define information vs feelings

Answer 46

Men tend to use more factual language, women stem from emotions

Question 47

DEBORAH TANNEN | Define orders vs proposals

Answer 47

Men command using imperatives, women tend to be more suggestive

Question 48

DEBORAH TANNEN | Define conflict vs compromise

Answer 48

Men use language to argue, women to negotiate

Question 49

BEHAVIOUR OVER AN ENTIRE DAY | Who ran this study and when?

Answer 49

Mehl et al, 2008

Question 50

BEHAVIOUR OVER AN ENTIRE DAY | What did the study research?

Answer 50

- The average amount of words spoken by men and women each day - Aimed to discover which sex was the most talkative

Question 51

BEHAVIOUR OVER AN ENTIRE DAY | What were the findings?

Answer 51

The average for both men and women was around 16,000

Question 52

BEHAVIOUR OVER AN ENTIRE DAY | How did the study tackle Lakoff/Tannen?

Answer 52

Equality in speech between men and women, but conducted over30 years later

Question 53

BEHAVIOUR OVER AN ENTIRE DAY | Define three issues with research methods

Answer 53

Small demographic (30 students), extreme talkers may not have signed up for the experiment, pps aware they were being recorded

Question 54

JANE HOLMES | What did Jane Holmes say about tag questions?

Answer 54

A sign of politeness rather than uncertainty \