Gender Flashcards
(13 cards)
Define Sex, Gender and Gender roles
Sex: Biological
Gender: Cultural
Gender Role: Cultural expectations for males and females
Freud and Erikson (anatomy is destiny) (perspective on gender)
Both:genitals influence his or her gender behaviour
Freud: gender and sexual behaviour are essentially unlearned and instinctual
Erikson: genital structure men are more intrusive and aggressive, women more inclusive and passive
Evolutionary psychology
(perspective on gender)
adaptation during the evolution of humans producing psychological differences between male and females
(they faced different pressures in primeval environments when the species was evolving)
Puberty (perspective on gender)
intensifies the sexual aspects of adolescent gender attitudes and behaviour
Social Role Theory
gender differences mainly result from the contrasting roles of females and males, with females having less power and status and controlling fewer resources
Cultural stereotypes influence behaviour
Social Cognitive Theory
emphasizes that children’s and adolescents’ are like a sponge and absorb gender development by: 1.observation and imitation of others’ gender behavior.
2. rewards and punishments they experience for gender-appropriate and gender-inappropriate behaviour.
What are parents influences on gender
- allow boys more independence
- have different achievement expectations for their adolescent sons and daughters, especially in academic areas such as math and science.
- Mothers socialize girls to be obedient and responsible. Parents concern about girls’ sexual vulnerability
4.Fathers engage in more activities with sons and promote sons’ intellectual development.
What are peers influences on gender
accepting or rejecting others on the basis of their gender-related attributes
Peers extensively reward and punish gender behavior
More accepted for girls to act masculine is generally more accepted in society due to the patriarchy
Social Cognitive theory on gender
Observation
- Seeing gender
Imitation
- Imitating gender
Rewards
- Being rewarded for gender behaviour
Punishments
- Being punished for inappropriate gendered behaviour
Gender schema theory on gender
gender-typing emerges as children and adolescents gradually develop gender schemas of what is gender-appropriate and gender-inappropriate in their culture
Organises the world in terms of males and females
teens are conditioned to act according to the schemas
Socioemotional similarities
Increased desire for independence
Heightened self-consciousness
Stronger peer influence
Exploration of identity
Emotional ups and downs
Developing romantic and sexual interests
Increased conflict with parents
Socioemotional Diffrences
Emotional Expression
- Boys: More likely to suppress emotions
- Girls: More likely to express emotions openly
Coping Strategies
- Boys: More problem-focused coping
- Girls: More emotion-focused coping
Social Relationships
- Boys: Larger, activity-based friend groups
- Girls: Smaller, emotionally intimate friendships
Aggression
- Boys: More likely to show physical aggression
- Girls: More likely to show relational aggression
Self-Esteem
- Boys: Tends to remain stable or increase
- Girls: More likely to decline during adolescence
Risk-Taking Behaviors
- Boys: Higher likelihood of engaging in risky behaviors
- Girls: More likely to experience internalizing issues (e.g., anxiety, depression)
Communication in relationships
- Boys and girls demonstrate differences in play, communication, and self-disclosure
Prosocial behaviour
- Girls view themselves and demonstrate more prosocial and empathetic than boys.
Emotional regulation
- Females: Express more emotion, are better than males at decoding emotions, smile more, cry more, and are happier.
- Males: Experience and express more anger.
Self regulation
- Boys usually show less emotional self-regulation and this can translate into behavior problems
Define androgyny
androgyny: The presence of a high degree of masculine and feminine characteristics in the same individua
