Gender 2 Flashcards
(20 cards)
What are gender stereotypes?
Stereotypes defined as cognitive structures that contain “the perceiver, knowledge, beliefs & expectancies about some human group”
What is the evidence for gender stereotypes in early years?
Foetus’ movement described differently by pregnant mothers once they know sex (Rothman, 1986)
Infants show preference for toys stereotyped for their sex (Alexander et al, 2009)
Gender stereotyping starts as young as 3 months, with adults making gender assumptions based on babies cries (Reby et al, 2016)
How do children demonstrate gender-stereotyped behaviours on multiple domains (Eagly & Wood, 2013)?
Preferring gender-typed activities when in solitary play (Goble et al, 2012) as well as activities stereotyped to their sex (Coyne et al, 2016)
Appearance stereotypes more common in girls, activity & trait more common in boys (Miller et al, 2009)
What was Baker et al’s (2016) study find when looking at gender associations in preschoolers?
Girls expressed greater gender-congruent beliefs than boys in relation to occupation, boys report equal gender prosecution
Both held stereotypic beliefs regarding multiple activities
Both reported girls & boys should behave in all prosocial ways
What did Miller et al (2018) find when looking at drawings to examine children’s gender stereotypes?
Predicted stereotypes liking science to men has increased significantly over 50 years
Female scientists drawn more often in later decades but less often among older children
Some diversity observed as children grow older
What did Haines et al (2016) find when comparing data from 1980s to now?
In past 30yrs, individual perceptions of gender stereotypical differences in men & women haven’t changed
How do parents affect gender stereotypes?
4 underlying mechanisms to parental influence on gender development - channeling children in gendered ways Eisenberg et al, 1985), interact differently with sons & daughters, provide different instructions (Park & Buriel, 1998)
Serve as models to be imitated
How have parents affect on gender development developed?
Adults encourage gender behaviour through choice of colours, clothing, toys & room decorations (Friedman et al, 2007)
Parents explicitly encourage children to engage in activities that they deem appropriate for their gender (Lytton & Romney, 1991)
What did Tenenbaum & Leaper’s (2002) meta-analysis find in regards to parents and gender?
Significant positive correlations between parents gender schemas & child’s gender schema
(43 articles)
How do peers affect gender development?
Between 2-3, children choose more same-sex peers for play partners & friends (Howes, 1988)
The preference for same-sex friends increase rather dramatically between 2-6
80-90% older preschoolers show marked preference for same-sex peer relationships (Martin & Fabes, 2001)
What effects do male peers have on their friend?
Encourage conformity with masculine norms by issuing physical & verbal challenges to each other (Mora, 2012/13)
Boys who fail to achieve local masculinity standards are bullied by peers (Eder & Parker, 1987)
How does the media influence gender development?
News coverage mostly men
Greater male characteristics in media significantly outnumbers female characteristics in male & mix-led shows
Gender representations often conform to gender stereotypes
Women in video games - usually unplayable, stereotyped into innocent character/ love interest/ needs rescuing
How does school affect gender development?
Academic performance differences favour girls
Teachers spend more time reprimanding boys but also giving them more stimulating instructions
Girls more likely to be ignored & given unneeded assistance rather than being challenged to work alone
Power & status in schools more likely to be male. Further one goes into education, more likely men tach
What are school subject specific stereotypes?
Girls perceived as less talented in all sciences (Leslie et al, 2015)
Girls less interested in computer science & engineering than boys negatively impact women in these fields (Master et al, 2021)
Not reflect reality (Gruspan et al, 2016)
Boys excel in maths - encouraged by parents (Chang et al, 2011) - number based language with boys only
How can childhood gender stereotypes harm adults?
Gender of applications play role in employment offers (Moss-Rascusin et al, 2012)
Difference in percieved skill reported in house designs, depending on architects name being masculine/ feminine (Proudfoot et al, 2015)
How does the stereotype of men and science affect people?
Gender brilliance stereotypes categorise women as lacking same level of intelligence as men (Mayer et al, 2015)
Observed in children as young as 6, girls less likely than boys to believe other girls are really smart & avoid activities for really smart children (Bian et al, 2017)
Harmful implications of stereotypes not conformed too - teased/ harassed (Toomey et al, 2014)
How do stereotypes affect family role?
Males underrepresented in roles emphasising communality & care - may prevent their interest & inclusion (Croft et al, 2015)
Impact male mental health - depression & loneliness (Wong et al, 2017)
Stay-at-home fathers undervalued & not highly regarded
How do stereotypes affect gender norms violations?
Men perceived more negatively for violating norms - loss of status (Feinman, 1984)
Elicit negative reactions (Doey et al, 2014)
Links between feminine behaviour & homosexuality (Sirin et al, 2004)
How do stereotypes affect appearance?
Women more likely to follow appearance stereotypes (Koenig, 2018)
More likely to be judged primarily on appearance (Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997)
Parents encourage girls to act in feminine-stereotyped way & pursue masculine occupations & interests, complaining daughters are too girly with pink, princess products (Kane, 2012)
What did Chestnut et al (2021) find when looking at statements expressing gender equality?
Inferred gender in complement position was naturally more skilled than gender in subject position e.g. girls are as good as boys at maths
Statement may backfire and teach children one gender possesses more natural ability at something
