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Culture > Gender > Flashcards

Gender Flashcards

1
Q

Explain the difference between sex and gender

A

sex: biological-physiological

gender:
- social and cultural construct
- category of difference
- historically contingent

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2
Q

Explain the difference between Erving Goffman and Judith Butler’s views on the concept of performance

A

Goffman (1959):

  • gender displays
  • Conscious, deliberate, can be stopped

Butler (1990):

  • performative constructs
  • repetitive re-enactments
  • not deliberate, habitual
  • preconceived > performance pre-exists the performer
  • no performer

> no body is independent of the way we talk about it > gender & sex are hard to separate

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3
Q

Explain the concept of intersectionality

A
  • discusses interlocking of different issues
  • identity politics often ignores intragroup differences
  • interaction of disadvantages / inequalities
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4
Q

Explain “on ne nait pas femme, on le devient”

A
  • Simone de Beauvoir (1949)
  • gender as social construct
    > femininity as social construct
    > one becomes female once one becomes subject to these social constructs
  • Gender as something we do
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5
Q

Summarize Raewyn Connell’s ideas on gender

A
  • 1987
  • multiple masculinities / femininities
  • hegemonic masculinity vs emphasized femininity
  • power hierarchies / dichotomies
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6
Q

Explain the concept of Republican Motherhood

A
  • 2nd half 18th C.
  • education for women, so they can educate family
  • domestic women’s sphere still separate from men’s public sphere
  • dignity and importance added to traditional role
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7
Q

Explain the concept of “true womanhood”

A
  • 1820 to 1860
  • cult of true womanhood
  • women’s nature especially suited to domestic tasks
  • piety, purity, domesticity, submissiveness
  • ideology of separate spheres
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8
Q

What took place in Seneca Falls in 1848?

A
  • Declaration of Sentiments
  • modeled on declaration of independence > amended to include women on an equal level with men
  • signed at first women’s rights convention organized by women
  • principal author: Elizabeth Cady Stanton
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9
Q

Explain what “Women’s Suffrage” entails

A
  • suffrage = the right to vote in political elections
  • women’s fight for the right to vote
  • USA: 1920
  • GB: 1928
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10
Q

Explain Betty Friedan’s role within feminism

A
  • “The Feminine Mystique” (1963)
  • “The problem that has no name[…]”
  • US (suburban) women kept from reaching full capacity
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11
Q

List the key points of the “Women’s Liberation”

A
  • more participation of women
  • critique of representation
  • ‘consciousness raising’
  • rethinking public/private division
  • “the personal is political”
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12
Q

Explain the difference between postfeminism and ‘Third Wave’

A
  • postfeminism suggest the struggle is over, the goal achieved
  • the name ‘Third Wave’ expresses the need for further steps
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13
Q

Explain Gaga Feminism

A
  • recognizes multiple genders
  • contributes to collapse of sex-gender systems
  • joining of femininity to artifice
  • refusal of sentimentalism within womanhood
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14
Q

Summarize the waves of Masculinity Studies

A
  • 1970s: First Wave - sex role model
  • 1980s: Second Wave - normative and hegemonic masculinities and power structures
  • 1990s: Third Wave - performativity, normativity, sexuality
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15
Q

Name the main concerns of Masculinity Studies

A
  • hegemonic masculinity
  • multiple masculinities
  • historical and cross-cultural contexts
  • intersectionality
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16
Q

Explain the importance of the ‘Stonewall Riots’

A
  • 1969, NYC
  • violent demonstrations against police raids
  • de-criminalization & civil rights
  • lead to gay liberation movement and modern fight for LGBT rights in US
17
Q

What was Foucault’s role within Queer Studies

A
  • 1976
  • sexuality produced in discourse
  • history of (homo)sexuality
  • compulsory heterosexuality
  • heteronormativity
18
Q

Name the key points of the Queer Movement

A
  • suspicious of politics of representation
  • rejection of identity politics
  • utopian politics, public/private division
19
Q

Summarize the waves of feminism

A

1) 19th C. and early 20th C.: Suffrage and Seneca Falls
2) 1950’s: sexualities, reproductive rights, wage gap, public/private, representation, personal=political
3) 1980s/90s - : postfeminism / third wave
> HeforShe, Gaga

20
Q

Explain the difference between Queer and LGBT

A
  • Queer separates one’s sexuality from one’s sex
  • Queer refuses identity labeling, sexuality is fluid
    > NOTE Queer in itself is a label!
  • Queer sets itself alongside heterosexuality and LGBT
  • LGBT identifies sexuality on the basis of the preferred sex of partner
  • LGBT sets itself against heterosexuality
  • LGBT only changes sex of partner, keeps ‘traditional heterosexual’ elements (e.g. marriage)
21
Q

Explain the ‘Crisis of masculinity’

A
  • men no longer stable identity
    BUT
  • no homogenous group, so no crisis as a group
  • justifies backlash against women
22
Q

Explain essentialism

A

men and women as inherently different beings, belonging to separate categories, with set of essential characteristics

23
Q

Explain social constructionism

A

phenomena and identities are products of society rather than nature

24
Q

Name the key elements of hegemonic masculinity

A
  • culturally idealised traditional ‘cliche’ image of men
  • dominance over other masculinities
  • negates other types of masculinity
  • exercises institutional and structural power
25
Q

Name the key elements of emphasized femininity

A
  • widely endorsed traditional ‘cliche’ image of women
  • no dominant femininity
  • does not exercise power

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