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Culture > Difference & Identity (GS & AS) > Flashcards

Difference & Identity (GS & AS) Flashcards

1
Q

Define interpellation

A

Identifying individuals by markers of difference (race, sex, ethnicity)
> identifying individuals by the shared difference(s) within “their group of people”

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2
Q

What does the regime of representation do?

A
  • fixes difference
  • assigns identity
  • sees individual as member of group
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3
Q

Name some key terms relating to difference

A 
- collective identity
>us vs them, alterity
- binary oppositions (dichotomies)
- creation of hierarchy
- reduction of complexity
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4
Q

What is multiple marginalization?

A

Intersection of differences > one falls into multiple marginalized categories (markers) of difference

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5
Q

Explain the connection between difference and power

A
  • implied power hierarchies > power to define

- fixing difference and assigning identities > interpellation (Hey you!)

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6
Q

Explain the difference between type and stereotype

A

Type: tool of classification
> making sense of the world
> fast communication

Stereotype: classification incl. evaluation
> judgement!

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7
Q

Name the mechanisms of stereotyping

A 
Reduction and simplification
Essentialization
Generalization = deindividualization
Naturalization
Fixing of difference
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8
Q

Name the effects of stereotyping

A
  • strategy of splitting
  • maintenance of social and symbolic order
  • boundary maintenance
  • ethnocentrism
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9
Q

Name the elements connecting stereotyping to power structures

A
  • social hierarchies > violent hierarchy
  • regime of representation > power to define
  • symbolic violence > eg orientalism
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10
Q

What modes of resistance against stereotyping are there?

A
  • reversal (trans-coding) of stereotypes
  • substitution of positive images for negative ones
  • contesting representational regime > deconstructing stereotypes
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11
Q

Explain the difference between noble and ignoble savage

A

Ignoble:

  • degrading, demonizing image of other
  • legitimizes colonization etc

Noble:

  • idealized, romanticized image of other
  • criticizes civilization
  • disavowal of white guilt
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12
Q

Name some approaches of difference

A

Linguistic

  • difference carries meaning
  • meaning is relational
  • binary opposition

Language
- dialogue sustains meaning

Anthropological
- meaning by assigning positions

Psycho-Analytic
- other as fundamental for self-identity

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13
Q

List some of the critical elements of fictional characters

A
  • not real! exist only when read/played
  • etymological meaning: signifying mark
  • 18th C.: individual defined through difference
    > synecdoche: part represents whole
    > humanism, modern individualism
    > difference matters, not what we have in common
  • generalized through language
  • completeness = unintelligibility
    > typical, not stereotypical
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14
Q

List the main historical conventions of characterization

A

ancient authors:
- action over character

romantic convention:
- character linked with individuality

classic realism:

  • complex, credible, rounded individual, embedded in history, community and institutions
  • identification as textual ploy
  • empathy as ideological ploy

modernism:

  • inconsistent, discontinuous individuals
  • excessive psychologizing
  • characters at the mercy of unconscious
  • myths and traditions of collective unconscious
  • indistinct characters
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15
Q

List the aspects of character analysis

A

characters are the product of:

  • symbolic contexts (incl. locations, environment etc)
  • textual strategies
  • perspectives (narrator, focalizer, narrative situation)

NOTE
individuality and psychological depth need to be analysed as textual features that serve symbolic and ideological functions

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16
Q

Explain the three discursive practices of ‘blackness’ as per Herman Gray

A

Assimilationist (invisibility) > black Subjects

  • subject position: timeless, individual
  • norm: hegemonic white, middle class
  • ideological strategy: structural problems are translated into individual ones > solvable

Pluralist (separate but equal) > BLACK SUBJECT

  • subject position: ahistorical, homogenous, decontextualized
  • norm: hegemonic white, middle class (idealized)
  • ideological strategy: containment, subversion decontextualization, hegemony (circumstances parallel to white’s, separate but equal)

Multiculturalist (diversity) > Black Subject

  • subject position: multiple, complex
  • norm: working class, middle class African American
  • ideological strategy: direct and explicit representation of diverseness within blackness

NOTE
practices construct, frame, stage, and narrow general issues of race and, more specifically, black subjectivity and presence in contemporary U.S. Society

17
Q

explain the concept of performative speech acts

A

“doing things with words”

> repetition of conventionalized phrases uttered from a specific position

18
Q

Explain Gender performativity

A 
Butler:
no actor preceding the role
> not a theatrical role!
> not voluntary
-  determined by conventionalized action
> effect of regulatory regime
- repeats norms, potentially with difference

NOTE
discourse precedes the “I”

19
Q

Explain the concept of politics of identity

A 
assert power to name oneself
BUT:
- naming, with names that are other
- names are previously owned
- initiatory performatives anticipate conventions
20
Q

Define Orientalism

A

academic discipline: anyone teaching, writing about or researching the Orient

form of thinking based on ontological and epistemological distinction between Orient and Occident

  • binary oppositions
  • artificial construct > realistic consequences
  • literary phenomenon (stereotypes)
  • ahistoric > static

NOTE:
colonial gaze

NOTE:
Occident cleanses itself of negative by projecting it on Orient

NOTE
institutionalised and discursive practice of power
- imaginative constructs viewed as reality
- orientalism’s legitimising claim
> based on positional superiority of the West

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