gender alevel psychology Flashcards

Question

Ao3 - evidence for testosterone

Answer 1

-the link between increases testosterone and sexual behaviour was confirmed by wang) - male hypogonadism - condition - faulty testes (less hormone produced) - wang gave 227 hypogonadal men testosterone therapy for 180 days . changes in body shape, muscle strengh and libido were monitored - testosterone replacement improved sexual function , libido and mood and significant changes in muscle strength were observed withn the sample - tostesrone has a powerful influence on male sexual arousal and physical developemnt in adulthood

Answer 2

Males with XXY sex chromosomes, 1/1000 males Physical; smaller testes, no facial/pubic hair, some breast development, taller with gangly limbs, wider hips, often infertile Psychological; poor language + reading ability, dyslexia, more passive, shy, lack interest in sex, can't deal with stress well

Answer 3

Females with XO sex chromosomes, 1/2000 Physical; no menstrual cycle, infertile, no breasts, broad chests, webbed neck and low set ears, narrow hip, immature physically Psychological; higher reading, verbal, language skills. Lower spatial and maths skills. Socially immature, struggle to fit in

Answer 4

Compare to chromosome-typical people and find differences between both groups. E.g turners=higher reading identify what changes chromosomes cause, - these differences have a biological basis - supports view of innate nature influences have a positive efefct on behaviour

Answer 5

any sex chromosome pattern that deviates from usual XY/ XX which leads to different psychological and physical symptoms

Answer 6

application to managing symptoms -continued research likely to lead to earlier and accurate diagnosis of turner and klirnfrlters syndrome - an australian study of 87 individuals with klienfelters syndrome showed that those who had been diagnosed earleir and treated from a young aged expereinced signififcant benefits in terms of managing their symptoms co apred to those diagnosed in adulthood(herlihy et al)

Answer 7

a large number of individuals is needed to build a database. to see the full rsnge of characteristics from mild to severe -only those with severe symptoms are identified which may distort the picture of typical symptoms - boada et al report that prospective studies have produced a more accurate picture of the characteristics many with kf do not experience significant cognitive or psychological problems and many are highly successful academically. this means that typical piucture of syndromes may be exaggerated

Answer 8

Cognitive developmental approach Draws of Piagetian ideas- thinking develops as we age because of physical changes in our brain allowing more complex, abstract thought Stage theory- has 3 stages

Answer 9

around the age of 2 children are able to Correctly label themselves as boy/girl Can label other people other people as boy/girl and relate to one No idea of gender stability/constancy- so over time or when appearance changes gender can change too

Answer 10

at 4 years children are Aware that their own gender is permanent despite time or appearance. But doesn't apply same logic to others Engaging in non-stereotypical activities will cause child to change someone's gender (male nurse = female)

Answer 11

final stage of development kholberg claimed that around 6 years of age children recignise that Gender is permanent and fixed over time despite changes in appearance for both themselves and others At this point children learn gender-appropriate behaviours (before this stage there was no point) & seeking same sex role models

Answer 12

gender identity gender stability gender constancy

Answer 13

there is evidence that suggests that gender stereotyping does emerge around the age of 6 as he predicted -damon told children a story about george , a boy who liked to play with dolls . the chikdren were asked to comment on the story . 4 year olds said it was fine for george to play with dolls - 6 year olds thought it was wrong . - they had gone beyond understanding what boys and girls do to developing rules about what they are supposed to do this would suggest that the children would have m as predicted achieved gender constancy .

Answer 14

cognitive first introduced by Bem but then developed by Martin and Halverson (1981) getting info about gender and gender appropriate behaviours happens before constancy- labelling is enough schema affects later behaviour esp. memory and attention

Answer 15

set of organised expectations of gender to help us interpret info in the brain formed through previous experience

Answer 16

Once a child establishes gender identity at age 2/3, they search the environment for information that encourages development of gender schema. Contrasts with Kohlberg, this process only begins after the 3 stages, around age 7 with gender constancy.

Answer 17

Gender schema expands to include a wide range of behaviours formed around stereotypes. Provides a framework that directs experience and the child's understanding of itself. By age 6, fixed and stereotypical ideas about gender appropriate behaviour. Disregard information that doesn't fit with their existing schema.

Answer 18

Better understanding of the schema that is appropriate to their own gender. Consistent with the idea that children pay more attention to information relevant to their own gender identity. Not until children are older, age 8, that they develop schema for both genders. Serves to bolster child's self esteem.

Answer 19

martins and haversons own study found that children under 6 more likely to remember images of gender appropriate behaviour than non gender appropriate ones. A week later, the kids started to change the person's gender when asked to recall them so that the gender behaviour was now appropriate. Supports gender schema which predicts kids under 6 could do this.

Answer 20

Gender identity probably develops earlier than suggested. Longitudinal study of 82 children(zosuls et al), data from twice weekly reports from mothers on their kid's language aged 9-21 months and videotaped analysis. How and when they labelled themself as male/female happened at 19 months, when they begin to communicate, suggests they have a gender identity before this but just don't communicate this. Underestimated their ability to use gender labels on themselves

Answer 21

Accounts for cultural differences in gender appropriate behaviour. Traditional cultures that believe women have a nurturing role and men have a career role will raise children who form schema consistent with this view and non traditional cultures raise kids who form schema consistent with that view. Explains how gender schema is transmitted between members of a society. Contrasts with other explanations like psychodynamic which suggests gender identity is driven by unconscious biological urges.

Answer 22

Gender development is Phallic stage. Prior to this, No understanding of male or female and so do not categorise themself or others in that way. Focus of pleasure is on genitals and experience of Oedipus/Electra complex is crucial in forming gender identity.

Answer 23

Boys in Phallic stage. Incestous feelings for mother, jealous and murderous hatred for father who stands in the way. Recognises father is more powerful, fears he may be castrated by father-castration anxiety. To resolve conflict, gives up love for mother and identifies with father.

Answer 24

Girls in Phallic stage. Penis envy, mother is competition for fathers love. Mother is a love rival standing in the way, mother is blamed by daughter for having no penis. Jung-over time they realise they'll never have a penis, substitute envy for desire of children, identifying with their mother.

Answer 25

Children of both sexes identify with the same sex parent as a means of resolving the respective complex. Boys adopt attitudes and values from father, girls from their mother.

Answer 26

Children take on board the gender identity of the same sex parent. They receive a second-hand gender identity all at once at the end of the phallic stage.

Answer 27

(Psychodynamic) 5 year old boy with a fear of being bitten by a horse, stemmed from seeing a horse collapse and die. His fear of being bitten represented fear of castration. Transferred the fear of his father onto horses via unconscious defence mechanism of displacement

Answer 28

there is some support for teh role of the ouedupus complex in gender development. Normal development depends on being raised by at least 1 male. rekers and morey Rated gender identity of 49 boys aged 3-11 with interviews with the boys and their family. 75% of those who were 'gender disturbed' had neither biological or substitute fathers. Being raised with no father may have negative impacts on gender identity.

Answer 29

one limitation is frueds inadequate account of womens development Freud admitted women were a mystery to him, the penis envy idea reflects the male centred Victorian era. Horney- a more powerful emotion than penis envy his the male experience of womb envy as they are jealous of women able to nurture life. Penis envy is a result of cultural rather than biological factors. this challenges the idea that womens gender development is founded based on the desire to be more like man

Answer 30

Lacks scientific credibility, frued has been criticised for lack of rigour in his methods. Concepts are unstable as they're mostly unconscious. Contrasts with other approaches which have objective, verifiable evidence from controlled lab studies according to karl popper. Key ideas are not falsifiable as proved wrong by scientific tests. Questions validity, not based on sound scientific evidence.

Answer 31

Social context plays a role in gender development. All behaviour is learned through observation. Attention on nurture. Significant others that a child interacts with, parents/teachers ect. Wider influence of culture and media.

Answer 32

Children are more likely to be reinforced for demonstrating gender appropriate behaviour. Boys encouraged to be active and assertive, girls encouraged to be gentle and passive.

Answer 33

T) Boys and girls encouraged to show distinct gender appropriate behaviour. Through this, they learn their gender identity. Children are more likely to repeat behaviours that are reinforced-indirect or direct.

Answer 34

Child attaches to a person who is seen to 'be like me' or 'who I want to be'. They possess desirable qualities. Role models may be part of the child's immediate environment, parents, but also media like popstars. Attractive, high status, usually same sex as the child.

Answer 35

Precise demonstration of behaviour that may be imitated by observers. Mothers may model stereotypical female behaviour by tidying. Explains learning from the observer's perspective. Little girl copying her mother setting the table, she's modelling behaviour she's witnessed.

Answer 36

A child will want to emulate their role model by paying close attention to what the role model does.

Answer 37

Remembering the actions of the role model and trying to reproduce these.

Answer 38

Desire to repeat the behaviour from wanting to be like their role model-identification.

Answer 39

They must be physically capable to repeat their role model's actions.

Answer 40

smith and lyod Babies aged 4-9 months. Half of the time were in boys clothes, other half in girls clothes. -Observed adult interactions. Babies assumed to be boys were given hammer shaped toys. -Babies assumed to be girls given dolls and reinforced for being passive. Gender appropriate behaviour is stamped from a young age through differential reinforcement, supporting SLT.

Answer 41

there Exists less of a clear distinction between what people regard as stereotypical male/female behaviour. No corresponding change in basic biology. Shift is better explained by SLT than biological. Shift in social expectations and cultural norms means new forms of gender behaviour are now unlikely to be punished and may be reinforced. Can explain cultural changes in gender behaviour.

Answer 42

Doesn't explain how learning processes change with age. Suggests modelling of gender appropriate behaviour occurs at any age. Illogical to think that 2yr olds learn the same as 9yr olds. Conflicts with Kohlberg-children do not become active in gender development until gender constancy. Influence of maturation on learning gender concepts is not considered by SLT.

Answer 43

Nature-nurture contribution. If we find that some gender role behaviours are culturally specific, we may assume the influence of shared norms and socialisation is decisive.(SLT)

Answer 44

Arapesh were gentle and responsive.(Female stereotype) Mundugumor were aggressive and hostile (Male stereotype). Tchambuli women were dominant and organised village life, men were passive and decorative. - gender rols may be culturally determined and there may not be a biological relationship between gender and sex.

Answer 45

Many cross-cultural similarities in gender roles. Consistent patterns in mate preference in 37 countries. In all cultures, women sought men who offered wealth, men sought for youthful women. In most societies, division of labour is organised along gender lines.

Answer 46

STRENGTH-reasearch support hofstede argues that in industrialised cultures the changing status and expectations of women are a function of their more active role in the workplace. Breakdown of traditional stereotypes. Traditional societies still see women as the house maker as a result of social/cultural pressures. Gender roles are very much determined by cultural context

Answer 47

meads study has been criticised Accused of making generalisations based on a short period of study. A follow up study found that her findings were flawed as she was misled by her ppts. Preconceptions of what she would find had influenced her reading of events. Interpretations may not have been objective, questions the conclusions that she drew. this is an example of both observer bias and ethnocentrism this suggests that meads interpretations may not have been objective and calls into question the conclusions that she drew

Answer 48

observe and learn gender role behaviours from same sex role models (higher status) from media = reinforced vicarious reinforcement seen self-efficacy = seeing other succeed = higher probability that child will succeed = imitation

Answer 49

(Bussey & Bandura, 1999) men = directive, independent women = dependent, unambitious, emotional (Hodges et al, 1981) men = exercising control women = at mercy of others (Conley & Ramsey, 2011) women more passive than men in ads

gender alevel psychology Flashcards

(74 cards)