memory key names and studies

Question 1

who devised the MSM

Answer 1

atkinson and shifrin

Question 2

what is the duration of sensory register

Answer 2

less than half a second

Question 3

what did baddeley find in terms of coding for stm

Answer 3

participants had more difficulty recalling acoustically similar words this sugges that stm is coded acoustically

Question 4

who investigated the capacity of stm and how

Answer 4

Miller - he found that people can hold 7+- items in their stm - this is supported by a digit span task where participants had to recall sequence of numbers of increasing lengths

Question 5

who conducted research into duration of stm and findings

Answer 5

peterson and peterson - participants were given nonsense trigrams and were asked to count down from a 3 digit number to prevent maintaince rehearsal after time intervals they had recall the trigrams - they found that after 18-30 seconds recall dropped significantly

Question 6

who did research into the coding of ltm

Answer 6

baddeley - participants had more difficulty recalling semantically similar words after a delay suggesting tHat Ltm stores memory based on meaning rather than sound

Question 7

duration of ltm resatcher

Answer 7

bahrick

Question 8

what did bahri’s find

Answer 8

participants asked to recall who they went to high school with , ppl who graduated withn the last 15 years and those who graduated withn 48 years

they took part in a photo recognition task and a free recall task

those who graduated withn 15 year
we’re 90% accurate in photo recognition whereas those in the last 48 years were 70% accurate

Question 9

patient HM

Answer 9

his case study supports the Msm - after surgery to remove parts of brian including hippocampus he could no longer form LTM but his stm memory was still in that stm and lTM are seperate distinct stores

Question 10

MSM oversimplified

Answer 10

KF case study - his stm for verbal information was impaired - count recall words read to him but could recal the words when he read it himself showing that stm isn’t a single unitory store and may have multiple components

Question 11

case study of clive wearing challenges the MSM

Answer 11

despite his severe damage to his episodic memory he couldn’t remeber perosnal events the fact that he was married but his procedural ememory was still intact as he could still play the piano this suggest that LTM isn’t a single unitary store as the MSM claims but consists of multiple types of LTM memories

Question 12

Msm - artificial

Answer 12

supporting research ussss artificial tats such as recall of nonsense trigrams - meaning less to participants dosent resmble tasks we come across in real life where what we are trying to remember is meaningful therefore it isn’t an accurate representation of how memory works

Question 13

msm evaluations

Answer 13

• case study HM - LTM and stm separate distinct stores
• case study CW- More than one types of LTM
  case study KF- more than one type of STM - msm oversimplified
  artificial tasks - lacks ecological validity

Question 14

what are the 4 key components of the WMM

Answer 14

central executive
phonological loop -
visio spatial sketch pad
episodic buffer

Question 15

central executive

Answer 15

controls the slave systems
decide what information to play attention to
- limited capacity
- sorts information into seperate stores

Question 16

phono logical loop

Answer 16

recieves and processes auditory and verbal information
- split into phonological store - which holds speech based information - inner air
- articulatory looo - where we rehearse verbal information ie phone number to rehearse it

Question 17

visual spatial sketch pad

Answer 17

stores and manipulates visual and spatial information - helps you picture things like lay out of room

Question 18

wmm -episodic buffer research support Kf

Answer 18

after brian damage - kG showed verbal STm impairment as his phonological loop was damaged but his visua spatial sketch pad was still intact - - phonological loop and visuonspatial sketch pad are seperate systems as proposed by WMM

Question 19

dual task studies support the WMM

Answer 19

-they demonstrate that people can perform 2 tasks at the same time if they involve differnet components of WMM ie one task using the phonological loop and one using the visio spatial sketch pad but they performed worse if two tasks use the same component thsi suggest the visuonpatial sketch pad and phonological loop are seperate systems as they can operate independently

Question 20

case study support for types of lTm

Answer 20

clover wearing
-episodic memories damaged but procedural memory still intact

Question 21

case study Clive wearing limitations

Answer 21

individual cases - may have had other cognitive impairments which might have led to him performing bad on memory tasks - cannot be genralised to wider populations

Question 22

explanations for forgetting - interference theory

Answer 22

states that forgetting occurs because otehr information disrupts our memories thsi is more likely to happen the more similar the information is

Question 23

proactive interference (PROLD)

Answer 23

when old information disrupts new information

Question 24

retroactive NEW

Answer 24

when new information disrupts old information

Question 25

who studied retro active and proactive interference

Answer 25

MCGEOGH and MCDONALD

Question 26

procedure of MCGEOGH and macdonalds and findings

Answer 26

they had participants learn a list of 10 word until 100% accurate and then had them learn another list of items with varying similarities to the first list - split into 6 groups and each group learnt a different list 1) antonyms 2) synonyms 3) unrelated 4) consonant syllables 5) digits 6) no new list

Question 27

findings of mcgeogh and macdonalds

Answer 27

they found that retroactive information occurred when the second list were most similar to original list (synonyms ) suggesting that interference can hinder memory retrieval

Question 28

m research support for interference - baddley ans hitch

Answer 28

- rugby player were asked to recall the names of teams they played against during rugby season - some were present for all matches some weren’t due to injury - they found that this who played the most games forgot more details - suggesting that retro active information from addition matches hindered their ability to recall information from previous games

Question 29

problems with mcgeogh ans macdonalds research

Answer 29

it’s a laboratory experiment so it lacks ecological validity as the artificial tats of word list recall may not reflect real life interference moreover although badalleys research has more ecological validity the researcher lacks control over extraneous variables ie fatigue which may have effected the accuracy of recall so they cannot establish a cause and effect relationship .

Question 30

yup bong and psotka- interference

Answer 30

- participants forget the words in the original list they had learnt the more list of words they had to learn afterwards - but when given cue to help recall the. original list of words - recall improved significantly - - which suggests that while interference affects recall the information is still available in LTM and retrieval failure due to lack of cues may explain forgetting better

Question 31

what is retrieval failure

Answer 31

whne infomation isn’t retrieved due to the absence of cues at the time of recall

Question 33

context dependent forgetting

Answer 33

at recall we lack external cues that wer present at the time of learning ie this could be the weather

Question 34

state dependent forgetting

Answer 34

when interval states at the time of encoding is differnet at the time of recall

Question 35

godden and baddley

Answer 35

- had deep sea divers learn words either on land or underwater ans they had to recall either on land or underwater - this created 4 conditions - they found that recall was worser (40%) when the conditions were not matching compared to matching conditions

Question 36

what two factors effect EWT

Answer 36

anxiety and misleading information

Question 37

what is misleading information

Answer 37

when ew are exposed to incorrect information

Question 38

what is the two types of lmisleading info

Answer 38

leading questions and post event discussion

Question 39

hi conducted research into leading questions

Answer 39

lofted and palmer

Question 40

what is a leading question

Answer 40

a leading question is a questions because of the way is phrased may suggest a certain answer which may lead to EWT memories becoming distorted

Question 42

results of loft is palmer

Answer 42

wording of the question affected the speed estimates ie those who heard contacted gave an estimate of 31.8 compared to those who heard 40.8 gave an estimate of 40.8

Question 43

who conducted research into post even discussion

Answer 43

Gabbert et al

Question 45

gabbert et al findings

Answer 45

71% reported information gathered from other witness - reported information they infact did not seee

Question 46

evaluations of misleading info - conducted in well controlled lab settings

Answer 46

enable high control of variables ans establish cause and effect

Question 47

effects of anxiety of EWT - negative

Answer 47

research suggests that anxiety can negatively affect recall as the flight or fight response narrows attention and imapairs memory

Question 48

who conducted research into negative effect of anxiety of EWT

Answer 48

JOHNSON AND SCOTTTT

Question 49

johnson and scott findings

Answer 49

the participants were later smae to identify the man from a set of 50 photos - 49% in low anxiety condition compared to 33% in high anxiety condition

Question 50

anxiety positive effects RESEARCHERS

Answer 50

YUILLE AND CUTSHALLL

Question 51

what did they find ( guillermo and cutshalla )

Answer 51

recall of events were genuinely accurate even after 5 months but those who were the most distress at the time of shooting have most accurate accounts fter 5 months

Question 53

research support for anxiety has a positive effect

Answer 53

CHRISTIANSAN and HUBINETTE

Question 54

evaluations of cognitive intervie

Answer 54

- time consuming and requires specialist training + supporting evidence firm giselman et al * supporting evidence from fisher + kohken meta analysis