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Issues And Debates Flashcards

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1
Q

What is universality

A

A theory or concept that can be applied to everyone , everywhere at any time or place

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2
Q

What is androcentrism

A

Androcentrism are theories which are centerned in focus es on males

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3
Q

Why is androcentrism a problem

A

Research isn’t representative and can’t be generalised to the real world due to it representing a male view of the world

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4
Q

What does androcentrism lead to

A

Alpha bias and beta bias

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5
Q

What is alpha bias

A

Alpha bias are theories which exaggerate the differences between males and females,

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6
Q

Example of alpha bias

A

An exaggeration of what each sex should look for in a mate - men more dominant value physical attraction and commit adultery
Women - greater parental investment security and stability

Reality - both look for similar traits loyal kind reality isn’t reported in research that only look for differences

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7
Q

Examples of alpha bias - psychodynamic explanation for offender profiling

A

Freud viewed femininity as failed masculinity , exaggerated differences between each sex
Women don’t develop a strong super ego and blame their mothers for castrating them
Women inferior to men

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8
Q

What is beta bias

A

Beta bias are theories that ignore on minimise differences between the sexes assume findings from males can be equally applied to women with no evidence to suggest they would

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9
Q

What is an example of beta bias - stress responses in women

A

Flight or flight research is carried out on male animals due to the having less variations of hormones

  • it assumes that women respond in the same way . Taylor et a, challenged this

by providing evidence females respond jna a different way
Beta bias meant that for a long time stresss response wasn’t understood

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10
Q

Examples of beta bias - schizophrenia research

A

Julia Longenecker et al reviewed studies of of prevalence between each sex since 1989

Found men more likely to be diagnosed
Due to diagnostic criteria being biased to men

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11
Q

Evaluation of gender - feminism

A
  • feminist psychology
    -assumptions need to be challenged
  • beta bias has allowed women greater acess to things
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12
Q

Evaluations of gender bias (4)

A
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13
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14
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15
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16
Q

What is culture bias

A

Culture bias is the tendency to ignore cultural differences and interpret all phenomena through the lens of one’s own culture

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17
Q

What is Emic and Etic

A

berry’s two differing approaches to looking at cultures influences

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18
Q

Etic approach

A

Looks at behaviour from outside a culture and tries to apply it universally

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19
Q

What is the emic approach

A

Looks at behaviour within a culture and identifies behaviour specific to that culture

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20
Q

What is ethinocentrism

A

The belief that our own culture is superior to other cultures behaviours that doesn’t conform to western model

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21
Q

Example of cultural bias - Ainsworth

A

Ainsworth Strange Situation reflects only the values of American culture
The idea of a secure attachment was shown as showing moderate distress etc upon separation in USA

In germany, they emphasise the independence so they appeared as ‘cold’

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22
Q

what is cultural relavitism

A

the idea that norms, values and moral standards can only be meaningful and understood withn the specific social and cucltural context

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23
Q

what is ethnocentrism

A

Judging other cultures by the standards and values of one’s own culture. At an extreme it is the belief that there is superiority of one’s own culture and this can lead to prejudice and discrimination

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24
Q

A03 - cultural bias

A
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25
free will definition
idea that we can play an active role and have choice in how we behave. Individuals are free to choose their behaviours and are self determined.
26
determinism definition
free will is an illusion, our behaviour is governed by internal and external forces over which we have no control
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Soft determinism definition
behaviour is constrained by the environment or biological make up but only to a certain extent
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Hard determinism definition
definition forces outside of our control e.g. biological/past experiences shape our behaviour
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Biological determinism definition
all human behaviour is innate and determined by genes
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Environmental determinism definition
behaviour is caused by forces outside the individual e.g. previous experiences - learnt through classical and operant conditioning
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Psychic determinism definition
Claims human behaviour is the result of childhood and innate drives
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examples of biological determinsism
Ocd -is partially genetic
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Example of environmental determinism
psychopathology - phobias acquired through classical conditioning and maintained through operant conditioning
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Psychic determinist example
gender - gendered behaviours are acquired during the phallic stage or development through the oedipus complex where children identify with the same sex parents
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Free will example
Within Maslows hierachy of need people are free agents to seek out the stages of the hierachy
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AO3 of free will vs determinism
Concept of free will isn't falsifiable. If psychology tries to be scientific, the concept of free will isn't scientific as it can't be falsified. You can't test the idea of free will.
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free will vs detrminism A03s
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Nature definition
view that behaviour is the product of innate biological or genetic factors Locke = new born infants born as a tabula rasa (blank slate)
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the nature nurture debate
concerned with the extent to which aspects of behaviour are a product of inherited or acquired characteristics
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Nurture definition
behaviour is the product of environmental influences anything outside the body e.g. people, events, physical world
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Heredity definition
process in which traits are passed down from one generation to the next
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Interactionist approach to nature vs nurture
where nature and nurture overlap and work together to shape human behaviour. ie the diathesis stress model suggests that behaviour is caused by biological or environmental vulnerability - ie \OCD- is due to biological factors and an environmental trigger ie traumatic experience
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Examples of nature
bowlbys monotropic theory of attachment
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Example of nurture
explaining attachment through classical conditioning where infant attaches as they associate primary caregiver with pleasure e.g. food. Then attachment is maintained via operant conditioning
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example of an interactionist system
biopsychology- endogenous pacemakers and exogenous zeitgebers
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A03s for nature nurture
-Neural plasticity suggests how life experiences shape our biology Maguire et al - London taxi drivers had a larger hippocampus size -Diathesis-stress model - born with a biological vulnerability such as a gene for depression but an environmental factor/stressor will trigger it Research suggests not everyone with the gene will develop the disorder depression
47
reductionist approach
belief that human behaviour can be explained by breaking it down into simpler component parts Best way to look at behaviour is to break it down and use the simplest explanation to explain how it works
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holism definition
an arguement or theory which proposes that it only makes sense to study an indiviisable system rather than constituent parts
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Biological reductionism
biological psychologist attempt to reduce behaviour to a physical level and explain using neurones, neurotransmitters etc.
50
Environmental reductionism
assume all behaviour can be reduced to the simple building blocks of stimulus-response association that complex behaviour is a series of Stimulus response links - ie learning theory of attachment breaks down behaviour to the idea of love to a learned association between the person doing the feeding and food reslting in pleasure
51
Example of holist approach
humanistic approach = react to stimuli as a whole, uses qualitative methods to investigate the sellf
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Example of the biological approach
OCD is caused by neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin
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Example of environmental reductionism
environmental reductionism behavioural approach to explaining phobias - caused by classical conditioning and maintained by operant conditioning
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Levels of explanations and examples
Behaviour can be explained by different levels Biological - OCD is caused by neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin Psychological - OCD - obsessive thoughts Cultural - Odd/irrational behaviours caused by OCD
55
holism vs reductionism a03
Psychology as a science experimental reductionism: human behaviour can be studied effectively in simple experiments where complex behaviour is reduced to isolated variables This allows you to study different factors that influence human behaviour in a controlled manner whilst you can establish causal relationship Approaches tend to be based off non-human animals so it is difficult to generalise as humans live in a complex social world SSRI for OCD as a biological treatment. Drug therapies that can manipulate levels of hormones to help treat mental health disorders HOWEVER - it isn't always successful and it treats the symptoms but not the cause = chance of relapse. Not always ethical to change people's hormones/genes Reductionism is limited lead to error in understanding ignores complexity of behaviour e.g. depression. It could be inaccurate to reduce behaviour down as many factors could be involved purely biological treatment may be inadequate as holism attempts to overcome this criticism by looking at all levels of explanations Holistic approaches don't establish cause and effect because they don't investigate behaviour in terms of operationalised variable
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Idiographic definition
focus on the individual and emphasise the unique personal experience of human nature Doesn't seek to formulate laws or generalise results to others
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Nomothetic definition
concerned with establishing general laws based on the study of large groups of people
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What research methods do idiographic approaches prefer and why?
case studies, unstructured interviews Provide an in-depth insight into individual behaviour
59
AO3 of the idiographic approach
Weaknesses of using unscientific methods e.g. uncontrolled, hard to replicate, low generalisability Power of case studies e.g. KF generating further research by highlighting flaws within a whole theory
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What research methods do nomothetic approaches prefer and why?
research methods: experiments, correlational research approach is scientific Statistical and quantitative methods to analyse data
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AO3 of nomothetic approach
Benefits of using scientific methods e.g. quantitative methods, controlled, reliable methods Application of approach - biological approach using drug treatments for mental health issues e.g. OCD/depression Many approaches in psychology adopt both an idiographic and nomothetic approach e.g. psychodynamic and cognitive
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Idiographic examples
Case study KF in memory - STM of auditory information better than visual, STM consists of multiple components. KF = undermined model of MSM
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Nomothetic examples
Biological approach e.g. OCD, depression as they pinpoint a biological factor e.g. neurotransmitters that are responsible for these disorders. Behaviourist approach e.g. Pavlov and Skinner, experiments on animals in order to establish laws of learning (classical/operant) that is generalised to humans Cognitive approach e.g. MSM applied to everyone
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ethical issues
Issues that arise when there is conflict between the rights of the ps and the aims of the researcher
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Ethical implications definition
Considers the impact or consequences that psychological research has on the rights of other people in wider context, not just the participants
66
Socially sensitivity definition
Socially sensitive to describe studies where there are potential social consequences for the ps or the group of people represented by the research
67
Example of socially sensitive research
Milgram - results could be used to ensure that people obey orders, including those they don't wish to follow
68
Ethical implications of Bowlby
Bowlby: has contributed to the development of childcare practices. Encouraged the view that a women's place is at home with her children which could make some mothers guilty for wanting to return to work
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Ethical issues in socially sensitive research : Privacy
researcher might extract more information than the ps intended to give
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Ethical issues in SSR: Informed consent
Telling ps what is involved to give them full knowledge on what they're expecting
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ethical implications A03s
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pshychology (10 decks)

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