Gender Development 2 Flashcards
(31 cards)
What are Gender Stereotypes?
Stereotypes which have been defined as cognitive structures that contain “the perceivers knowledge, belief and expectancies about some human group”
What evidence shows that gender expectations from the moment of a child’s birth
- A foetus’ movement is described differently by pregnant mothers when they know their baby’s sex (Rothman, 1986).
-Infants show a preference for toys stereotyped for their sex (Alexander et al., 2009; Jadva et al., 2010).
-Gender stereotyping might start as young as three months, with adults making gender assumptions about babies based on their cries (Reby et al., 2016).
What gender-stereotypical behaviours are demonstrated across multiple domains
- They prefer gender-typed activities when in solitary play (Goble et al 2012)
- They prefer activities that are stereotyped to their sex (Coyne et al 2016)
Who are appearance stereotypes more prevalent in?
Girls
What is more prevalent in the descriptions of boys?
Appearance stereotypes
What are the four domains of gender?
- Occupations
- Activities
- Aggressive behaviours
- Prosocial behaviours
What do girls express higher than boys?
- Greater gender-congruent beliefs
What are Gender-congruent beliefs?
Ideas or assumptions that match traditional gender stereotypes or roles.
What did MacPhee find with Gender stereotypes?
They found marked gender-typing of preschool children’s playthings and room furnishings decades ago, which is replicated in their research nearly 50 years later
What did Miller find in his study?
As children grow older, they still associate science with men
What did Haines et al find in his study?
Found that during the last 30yrs individuals perceptions of gender stereotypical differences in women and men have not changed
What influences gender
- Parents
- Peers
- The Media
- The School
What are the 4 underlying mechanisms to parental influence on gender development?
- Channelling or Shaping children in gendered ways
- Differential treatment ( treating sons and daughters differently)
- Direct instruction
- Imitations (Parents serve as a model for their own children)
What did Friedman find in 2007?
Found that adults encourage different types of gendered behaviours (choices of colours, clothing, toys and room decorations)
What did Lytton find in his 1991 study?
That parents encourage children to play with specific types of toys
What did Boe and Woods find in 2018?
That the types of toys present in the home predicted the children’s toy’s preference
What did Tenenbaum’s 2002 study find?
That there was a positive correlation between parent’s gender schemas and their children’s gender schemas
What did Howes 1988 study find?
That children start choosing more same-sex peers for play partner and friends
What did Fabes find in their 2001 study?
That 80-90% of older pre-schoolers show a marked preference for same-sex peer relationships, with many never playing with a child of the other sex.
What did Mora’s 2012 study find?
That Male peers encourage conformity with masculine norms by issuing physical and verbal challenges to each other
What did Eder’s 1987 study find?
That boys who fail to achieve local masculinity standards are bullied or ridiculed by their peers
What did O’Sullivan’s 2000 study find
That female peers enforce norms of beauty, appearance and heterosexual romance
What have several studies found about male representation?
- There is greater male representation in the media
- Male characters significantly outnumber female characters in male-led and mixed-led shows.
What gender data has been seen in video games
Female characters are both underrepresented and less likely to be featured as playable characters, as well as being constantly stereotyped as someone in need of rescuing, as love interests or cute and innocent characters
