Love Flashcards
(81 cards)
1
Q
Why should we care about close relationships?
A
- Greater physical and mental health
- Greater resilience
- Greater wealth
- Faster recovery from illness
- Greater longevity
2
Q
According to Hatfied what are the two types of Love
A
- Passionate Love
- Companionate love
3
Q
What is Passionate love?
A
A state of intense longing for union with another person accompanied by physical arousal
4
Q
What does passionate love include?
A
The tendency to think obsessively and to idealise the object of love
5
Q
What is associated with reciprocated love?
A
Fulfilment and ecstasy
6
Q
What is unrequited love associated with?
A
Anxiety, emptiness and despair
7
Q
What is companionate Love?
A
The affection and tenderness we feel for those with whom our lives are deeply entwined
8
Q
What does companionate love combine?
A
- Attachment
- Commitment
- Intimacy
9
Q
What is the passionate Love Scale?
A
A questionnaire designed to measure the intensity of passionate love experienced by an individual towards another person
10
Q
What are the three components of the PLS
A
- Cognitive
- Emotional
- Behavioural
11
Q
What are cognitive components in the PLS
A
Intrusive thinking, preoccupation with partner, idealisation of the other or the relationship
12
Q
What are emotional components in the PLS
A
Attraction, positive/negative feelings, longing for reciprocity, physiological (sexual arousal)
13
Q
What are behavioural components in the PLS
A
Actions aimed at determining the other’s feelings, service to the other, maintaining physical closeness
14
Q
What did the study on cross-cultural in passionate love (Hatfield and Rapson 2005) find?
A
- Passionate love is a universal experience, but cultural norms influence its expression
- Individualistic cultures are more likely to view passionate love as essential for marriage
- Collectivist cultures have more emphasis on family approval and social obligations
15
Q
What did Aron et al 2005 study on the neural basis of passionate love find?
A
- Activation in dopamine-rich brain areas is linked to reward and motivation
- These areas overlap with those activated by cocaine and other rewards
16
Q
What did Tucker’s 1993 study on Changes in passionate love over the family life circle find?
A
- Passionate love tends to decline over time, especially after having children
- Later in the relationship (post child rearing) Intimacy and companionship may increase, sometimes reigniting passion.
17
Q
What did Graham et al find in his study on the degree of bonding with an abusive partner?
A
- He developed the concept of traumatic bonding
- Found that victims may misattribute intense emotional states to love
- Found that psychological theories (like stockholm syndrome) help explain perceived closeness
18
Q
What is traumatic bonding?
A
- Strong emotional ties from intermittent abuse and affection
19
Q
What did Aron et al find in his study on the effects of having married couples engage in novel activities
A
- Those who did novel, exciting activities reported greater relationship satisfaction and increased closeness
- Explained through self-expansion theory - shared experiences foster closeness by expanding the self
20
Q
What is the Three factor theory of love by Hatfield and Walster
A
A theory that posits that passionate love involves the three key components of: Cultural exposure, a specific love object and physiological arousal
21
Q
What is cultural exposure in the three factor theory of love
A
The theory suggests that individuals learn about love through various cultural sources, such as movies, books, and songs, which shape their expectations and understanding of romantic love
22
Q
What is the ‘specific love object’ in the three factor theory of love
A
A specific individual must be present to experience passionate love. This person becomes the object of intense attraction and longing
23
Q
What is ‘physiological arousal’ in the three factor theory of love
A
Neurotransmitters like dopamine and norepinephrine, which are released during moments of excitement and passion. This arousal is often misinterpreted as the feeling of love itself
24
Q
What is priority in some cultures when it comes to love in marriage and relationships?
A
- Passionate love is a pre-condition and highly valued and often prioritised
25
What is the norm in arranged marriages
Love may develop after not before
26
What are the expressions of love for individualistic cultures
- Personal expressions of love such as kissing and holding hands in public
27
What are the expressions of love in collectivist cultures?
- Taking care of family needs or maintaining harmony in the family rather than openly discussing feelings of love
28
What are individualistic cultures?
Prioritize the individual's needs, rights, and goals over the needs of the group.
29
What are collectivist cultures?
Prioritize the needs and goals of the group over the individual, emphasizing interdependence, cooperation, and shared identity.
30
What are some cultural differences on passion and intimacy?
- Cultures with more strict views on relationships (Sexual intimacy may be reserved for marriage, guided by religion and/or societal norms)
- In other cultures, more flexible approach to relationships, where commitment is contingent on personal happiness, fulfilment, or compatibility over time.
31
What are some cultural differences in commitment?
- In some cultures, commitment as a lifelong duty, with strong social and familial expectations around staying together.
- In other cultures, more flexible approach to relationships, where commitment is contingent on personal happiness, fulfilment, or compatibility over time.
32
What is Love: Sternberg's Triangular theory of love?
- It is a theory that posits that all loving relationships can be described according to three components
- Love relationships vary depending on the presence or absence of each of these components
- Components can interact with each other
33
What are the components of Sternberg's triangular theory of love
- Intimacy
- Emotional component
- Feelings of closeness, warmth and sharing (self disclosure)
- Passion
- Motivational component
- Physical attraction, excitement, sexual desire and extreme longing
- Commitment
- Cognitive component
- Our resolve to stay in a relationship
34
What are the different types of love in Sternbergs triangular theory of love
- Liking
- Infatuation
- Empty love
- Romantic love
- Companionate love
- Fatuous Love
- Consummate love
35
What is Liking?
Intimacy without passion and commitment. Typical of friendships
36
What is Infatuation?
Passion without intimacy or commitment. Happens between people with purely lustful desires for one another and no emotional ties
37
What is Empty Love?
There is commitment without passion or intimacy. This can happen to couple who are only with each other for a common purpose like children and financial security
38
What is Romantic Love?
Passion and intimacy, without commitment. Partners care and desire each other without having commitment at the moment
39
What is Companionate Love?
Intimacy and commitment without passion. Strong friendships or a successful long-term marriage in which the passion has fade away.
40
What is fatuous love?
Passion and commitment without intimacy . The people concerned develop passion for one another and form committed relationships
41
What is consummate love?
It is the combination of all the love components. Type of relationship most people strive for
42
What did they find in the Levels of Three Components Vary as a Function of Relationship Duration (Wojciszke, 2002)
Passion is highest at the beginning of a relationship but declines over time.
Intimacy increases in the early stages, peaks, and then stabilizes.
Commitment grows gradually and becomes the most stable and enduring component.
43
What did they find in: Levels Vary Across the Lifespan (Sumter et al., 2013)
Adolescents: High passion, low commitment.
Young adults: High passion and intimacy, increasing commitment.
Middle-aged adults: Balanced levels of all three components.
Older adults: Lower passion, but high intimacy and commitment.
44
What did they find in: Confirmation of Sternberg’s Theoretical Construct of Love Across 45 Countries (Sorokowski et al., 2020)
The three-factor structure of love (intimacy, passion, commitment) held consistently across cultures.
However, levels of each component varied between cultures (e.g., higher passion in individualistic societies; higher commitment in collectivistic ones).
45
What are the Strengths to Sternberg's theory?
- Sternberg's theory does allow for the description of a variety of relationships. This is realistic as many different combinations of relationships do exist.
- The theory allows for the existence of different types of love and does recognise that relationships may change over time. This is also a realistic point.
46
What is Lee's theory of six basic love styles
6 styles of love. Primary and secondary
47
What are the primary styles of love?
- Eros
- Ludus
- Storge
48
What are the secondary styles of love?
- Mania (Eros + Ludus)
- Pragma (Ludus + Storge)
- Agape (Eros + Storge)
49
What are the primary styles of love (defined)
- **Eros** – erotic, passionate, and based on physical attraction. Basically, this is the love at first sight, head-over-heels love of Hollywood films
- **Ludus -** love is a game to be played with many romantic partners. It’s about conquest and not commitments – just want to have a good time
- **Storge –** slow developing friendship which grows over time through shared interests and matures into a committed love
50
What are the secondary styles of love (Defined)
- **Mania** (Eros + Ludus) - obsessive and intense love. Typical of roller-coaster relationship. Driven by passion and often characterized by jealousy or possessiveness.
- **Pragma** (Ludus + Storge) **–** practical love. Love is a “shopping list” of desired attributes. Love guided by logic.
- **Agape** (Eros + Storge) **–** sacrificial and altruistic love. Placing the loved persons welfare above one’s own
51
How do you measure the six love styles?
The love attitude scale
52
What is the evolutionary theory for passionate love?
Identifying and selecting suitable mates for procreation
53
What is the evolutionary theory for companionate love?
Increases the likelihood that infants will survive and reproduce
54
Why do we love (Biological theory)?
It involves a set of psychological adaptations to assist humans in resolving centuries-old problems related to survival and reproduction.
55
What happens in your brain when you fall in love?
The reward pathway is activated. It is the same area when human feels a rush from cocaine
56
How did Bartels and Zeki's research on love work?
- Participants brought in two pictures (Beloved and acquaintance)
- They then completed the passionate love scale
- Slid into fMRI - alternated projecting of pictures and a mathematical test
57
What where the results of Bartels and Zeki's research?
- Participants who reported higher levels of passionate love whilst looking at a photo of their beloved had:
- Greater activation in the brain's ventral tegmental area (VTA) and caudate nucleus (Brain's reward system)
- Also areas involved in producing dopamine
- Love is a reward-based process
58
What did Acevedo's 2015 study find?
That love is a reward based system cross-culturally and across sexual orientations
59
What key areas of the brain deactivate because of love
- The amygdala
- The frontal cortex
60
What is the amygdala implicit in?
Fear and Anger
61
What is Frontal Cortex implicit in?
Centre of critical thinking, executive functioning and logic
62
What is Fisher's Three brain system for love?
The theory that posits that there are three emotions behind love
63
What are the three brain systems for love?
- Lust
- Attraction
- Attachment
64
What chemicals are associated with Lust?
- Testosterone
- Estrogen
65
What chemicals are associated with attraction?
- Dopamine
- Norepinephrine
- Serotonin
66
What chemicals are associated with attachment?
- Oxytocin
- Vasopressin
67
What is Lust?
Characterised by the craving for sexual gratification
68
What does Romantic Attraction correspond to?
- Passionate love, characterised by focused energy and attention on a specific individual
69
What do fMRI studies show that Romantic Attraction involves the production of?
- Dopamine
- Noradrenaline
70
What does attraction lead to a reduction of?
Serotonin
71
Where is attachment found?
Found in long term relationships (companionate love)
72
Which brain system is associated with attachment?
Brain systems that are assciated with
-Oxytocin
- Vasopressin
73
Why did we evolve to form attachments?
To enable us to stick together and sustain an affiliative connection when the dopaminergic thrill is gone
74
What can love start with?
- Feeling strong sexual attraction, have sex first and then fall in love
- Fall head over heels in love, then have sex
- Slowly grow deeply attached to someone they have known for months or years and then feel drawn to sex
75
What does Battaglia show in his research?
That 80% of people have experiences at least one breakup of a romantic relationship
76
What does Simpson characterise Romantic Breakups as?
One of the most stressful events in a person's life
77
What negative outcomes are associated with romantic breakups?
- Decreased self-esteem
- Increased depression symptoms
- Increased suicide attempts
- Increased risk for a range of illnesses
- Increased risk for early death
78
What are the antecedent individual/sociodemographic characteristics?
- Age of marriage
- Early parenthood
- Having a child before marriage
- Low educational level
- Lack of religious participation
- High levels of neuroticism
79
What are the dyadic antecedents characteristics of relationships
- Dissimilar attitudes
- Relationships satisfaction
- Lack of stimulation
- Lack of sexual satisfaction
- Extra marital affairs
80
What is the process of breaking up?
- Intrapsychic (focussing of dissatisfaction)
- Dyadic (revealing those to the partner)
- Social (Announcing the breakup to others)
- Grave-dressing (coming to terms with the breakup)
81
What is the process of breaking up based on?
Duck's phase model
