gender inequalities key terms / statistics Flashcards
(28 cards)
Employment inequalities - positions held…
- Men tend to work in professional occupations associated with higher levels of pay
- Women dominate employment in caring and leisure occupations
Employment inequalities - gender pay gap…
- In private sector of employment gap is 24.8%
- In public sector of employment gap is 17.1%
Employment inequalities - pregnancy…
- 30,000 women sacked yearly for being pregnant
- 440,000 women lose out on pay or promotion for being pregnant
Income inequalities - low income…
- 22% of women have a persistent low income
- 14% of men have a persistent low income
Income inequalities - retirement income…
Income of retired women is 40% less than men’s
Income inequalities - minimum wage…
70% of people in minimum wage jobs are women
Poverty inequalities - retirement…
One in four women will be living below the poverty line when they retire compared to 12% of men
Poverty inequalities - children…
- 52% of children living in lone parent families are poor and 90% of lone parent families are headed by women
- Women are more likely to go without necessities in order to protect their children
Social mobility - career ladder…
Men were 40% more likely to climb the career ladder than women
Social mobility - ethnicity…
- Black African and black Caribbean women have had a 15-20% fall in full time employment while this has remained stable for white women
- 53% of self-employed Pakistani men work in transport industry compared to 8% of rest of population
Male inequalities - education…
- Girls consistently get more A*-C GCSEs than boys
- Since 2008, white working class boys have been the largest underachieving group in education due to anti-school subculture
Male inequalities - health…
- Females live 4 years longer than males
- Men develop heart disease 10 years earlier
- Suicide rates for men 3x higher
Male inequalities - work and income…
- 95% of the 200 killed in the workplace are males
- Men work 39 hour weeks while women work 34
- Least desirable and most dangerous jobs belong to men
Male inequalities - family life…
- 89% of fathers are in employment compared to 74% without dependent children
- Employers see taking time off for family matters as feminine
First wave feminism…
- Mid 1800s
- Led by middle class women, the suffragettes, who were campaigning for women’s right to vote
Second wave feminism…
- 1960s/70s
- Equal pay for equal work, equal education and job opportunities, reproductive rights, end to laws that allow for men’s dominance/aggression to women
Third wave feminism…
- Mid 1990s
- Focuses less on laws and more on individual identity i.e. women come from different ethnicities, religions etc
Fourth wave feminism…
- 21st century
- Technology is allowing for women to bring about change when they see fit through online petitions and direct action
Liberal feminism…
Gender inequalities are from gender role socialisation rather than biological differences. Changes in norms and values that reinforce gender divisions will bring about equality
Evaluation of liberal feminism…
- Radical and Marxist feminists say they fail to explain how males and females have come to hold different levels of power in society. Radicals say patriarchy. Marxists say capitalism.
- Are overly optimistic about their achievements e.g. despite equal pay act there is still a big gender pay gap
- Is a middle class movement that fails to register the concerns of women of different classes or ethnicities
Marxist feminism…
- Social class affects the life chances of women.
- Capitalism is an economic system that leads to the oppression of women as the family is a patriarchal institution and women’s role in this as wives and mothers leads them to being exploited by capitalism
Evaluation of Marxist feminism…
- Too much emphasis on class and not other factors affecting women’s lives e.g. age, ethnicity
- Postmodernists are critical as they believe class is no longer a significant social division
- Radical feminists critical of emphasis on capitalist exploitation as patriarchy is more significant and present in all societies
Radical feminism…
Female oppression is due to the power men have in society and how they control women through a combination of force and ideological persuasion
Evaluation of radical feminism…
- Don’t talk about differences in family life between classes and ethnicities
- Over emphasise the factors separating men and women when they can work co-operatively
- Liberal feminists argue the position of women has changed over time and this is ignored
