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Human Sexuality PSYC 350 > Gender & Sex > Flashcards

Gender & Sex Flashcards

1
Q

Gender, Sex, or Gender/Sex
What is your biological sex?

A

Biological femaleness/maleness
- Genes
- Hormones
- Physiology

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2
Q

Gender, Sex, or Gender/Sex

What is your gender?

A

Psychological experience of femaleness/maleness
- An emergent property of the biological and sociocultural factors that influence gender identity and gender role

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3
Q

Development of sex & gender?
- Phenotype is strongly influenced by the genotype

A

A person’s genotype is their unique sequence of DNA. More specifically, this term is used to refer to the two forms a person has inherited from their mother and father, for a particular gene. Phenotype is the observable expression of this genotype – a person’s presentation.

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4
Q

Development of sex & gender?
Gonads are undifferentiated and become …..

A

differentiated though gens present on the X & Y chromosomes

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5
Q

Development of sex & gender?
Chromosomal sex?

A

(e.g. XY,XX)

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6
Q

Development of sex & gender?
- Gonadal sex?

A

(e.g. type of gonads)

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7
Q

What gene causes the female phenotype (the default) to develop male gonads?

A

SRY gene
- It takes extra steps to get to the male phenotype, the SRY switches on the development

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8
Q

What is the Gender binary?

A
  • Assumes that gender is biologically determined and stable over time
  • The gender binary discriminates against and silences gender-diverse people, pathologies variation, and contributes to invisibility in science
  • Problematic beliefs (e.g. male and female brains, male and female hormones) are not scientifically accurate and misrepresent the known variability in human gender/sex

But how can we recognise this complexity? Especially, if we have never really thought about this before?

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9
Q

Gender/Sex & Sexual Configurations Theory?

A
  • Capture the wholeness of people’s actual experience of gender/sex and sexuality.
  • Better accounts for the full range of gender and sexual diversity.
  • Makes room for sexual expression that may evolve over time.
  • De-centres gender/sex to make room for other aspects of sexuality
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10
Q

How might gender/sex and sexual configurations theory apply to you?

A
  • This video covers what is sex and what is gender, including the biopsychosociocultural influences.
  • It outlines a method based on SCT that can be used to capture an individual’s gender/sex.
  • Also extends to gender/sex sexualities and partner number!
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11
Q

What is effect size? + What is small, medium, and large?

A
  • An effect size (d) is a statistic about the size of the difference between two groups.
  • The value of the effect size provides the number of IDs separating the means of the 2 samples
  • The size of the difference can be characterised by two distributions with overlap, (how much to the bell-curves loplap)
  • Coins d of 0.2 small effect size, 0.5 medium, 0.8 large.
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12
Q

Article: A Meta-Analytic Review of Research on Gender Differences in Sexuality

  • The Gender Similarities Hypothesis

Sexuality: Similarities or Differences?
- Intercourse Frequency d = 0.16 (M > W) small effect size
- Masturbation d = 0.53 (M > W) small/medium effect size
- Casual Sex d = 0.38 (M > W) medium effect size
- Erotica Use d = 0.68 (M > W) medium/small effect size
- Same gender/sex sexual experiences d = 0.05 (W > M) very small effect size
- Sex w/ commitment d = 0.18 (W > M) small effect size

Conclusion?

A

Even when there are gender/sex differences in sexuality, the size of these differences, on average, are small to moderate. (The effect might be even smaller since men tend to overreport and women underreport on may of these questions)

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13
Q

Reporting biases and adherence to gender norms?

A
  • Gender norms are shared expectations of people’s behaviours.
  • People tend to be aware of gender norms.
  • This awareness can then influence reporting of attitudes and behaviours usually in the direction of adhering to the gender norm (this can be manipulated though).
  • Gender/sex differences in sexual attitudes autonomous sexual behaviours, and numbers of sexual partners were smaller (not eliminated) in the bogus pipeline group (Alexander & Fisher, 2003)
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14
Q

One area that shows a consistently large gender/sex difference has to do with?

A

sexual orientation or attraction, d = 3.8 to 6.0

That men are category-specific and women are non-specific is a large sex-gender difference.

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15
Q

Men’s genital arousal is category-specific but not women’s?

A
  • Men and trans women respond to stimuli matching their sexual preference
  • Gay men produce stimuli to two men
  • Ciswomen respond similarly to all stimuli
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16
Q

Sexual Concordance (Mind-body connection)

Men (r=.66)
Women (r=.26)
Transwomen (r=.67)

A

Men medium
Women small
Transwomen medium to large

17
Q

3 Main conclusions?

A
  • There are gender differences and similarities when it comes to our sexualities
  • Most gender differences are small/moderate
  • Some of the largest gender differences exist for patterns of attraction and genital response
18
Q

Diversities of Sexual Development?

A
  • A group of congenital conditions in which the reproductive organs and/or genitals develop differently than what is expected.
  • Can capture variability in the phenotype (i.e., intermediate expression of the male and female phenotypes)
    • Some identify as intersex
19
Q

Emily Quinn (Intersex Activist) TedTalk about her experience being intersex

A

Use this information to break down the gender/sex binary?

20
Q

Diversities of Sexual Development, Hormone Variations?

A
  • Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome
  • Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
21
Q

Diversities of Sexual Development, Chromosome Variations?

A
  • Klinefelter’s Syndrome (XXY)
  • Turner’s Syndrome (X0)
22
Q

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia?
(We see interaction between biological sex and gender expression and sexual attraction.)

A
  • Prenatal exposure to high levels of androgens (produced by the adrenal glans)
  • 1 in 5000 to 15000
  • XX Fetus
    • Exposure effect development of the genitals in XX features leading to variation of virilization (i.e., enlarged clitoris, partially fused labia, shallow vagina)
    • Internal reproductive organs are intact
  • XY Fetus
    • Genital appearance is typically unaffected
  • Gender expression
    • Children with CAH may express behaviours and interest that differ from their same age/gender peers
      • XX may show less nurturing and more aggressive behaviours
      • XY less aggressive and more nurturing behaviours
  • Sexuality
    • XX tend to have comprised sexual function
23
Q

Klinefelter’s Syndrome (XXY)?

A
  • Prevalence
    • 1 in 500 to 1000 males
    • Usually diagnosed in puberty
  • Phenotype
    • Breast development; small testes; shorter than average penises, low T, compromised fertility.
    • Treated with T
  • XXY
    • The extra X chromosome impacts HPG axis, resulting in lower T and high levels of FSH
  • Sexuality and Gender
    • Low desire
    • Attracted to women
    • Many do not identify as male/men (link to SCT)
24
Q

Turner’s Syndrome (X0) and Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome?

A

Watched Youtube videos

25
Q

Gender Development
3 related processes (Memorise ages)

A
  1. Detecting Gender:
    Recognising differences between male and female emerges by age 1
  2. Having Gender:
    Recognising in oneself characteristics you share with either girls or boys emerges between ages 2 and 3
  3. Doing Gender:
    Matching one’s behaviour with male or female stereotypes typical;;y emerges between ages 5 and 7
26
Q

Gender Varitation (VARIATION IS THE NORM NOT THE EXCEPTION)
CHILDHOOD?

A
  • Many people experience gender-variation in childhood
  • This can (but not always) be associated with sexual attraction and gender identity in adolescence/adulthood
27
Q

Gender Variation (VARIATION IS THE NORM NOT THE EXCEPTION)
CULTURE?

A
  • Non-western cultures are much more tolerant and accepting of variation in gender
  • In these places “gender dysphoria” does no exist in the way that it does in the way that it does in the west
28
Q

Gender Variation (VARIATION IS THE NORM NOT THE EXCEPTION)

A
  • Should gender affirming intervention occur?
  • When should it occur?
  • Longitudinal Research: Children with stronger cross gender/sex identification and preferences are more likely to socially transition
29
Q

Trans Identities?
Back to Sexual Configurations Theory

A
  • Lots of variation in how people experience their gender/sex
  • How might this variability influence a person’s decision to seek gender-affirming care? (Hint think back to SCT)
    • Their sense of their gender/sex; their culture; the importance/strength.
30
Q

Gender dysphoria?

A

distress arising from conflict between gender identity and assigned gender/sex

Dysphoria describes a negative feeling of conflict between gender sexed aspects of one’s self:
“I strongly suspect that it is related to societal expectation of what it means to be a particular gender”

31
Q

Gender euphoria?

A

powerful positive emotions linked to one’s experience of gender/sex

Gender euphoric experience can be external/internal/or social:
“When I stepped out of the stall and saw myself in the mirror I was almost moved to tears. I have no other good way to describe it but I saw myself back”

32
Q

“Typically dysphoria and euphoria are related to similar body parts or social interactions. For example, I get dysphoria when someone misgenders me, but euphoria when someone genders me correctly”

This quote demonstrates that The relationship between gender euphoria and dysphoria is…?

A

complex

33
Q

Gender euphoria has important implications for…?

A

Understanding gendered experiences of everyone, pushing back against the gender binary, and benefits for gender affirming clinical practice.

34
Q

What are some examples of gender-affirming practices?

A
  • Pharmacological and surgical interventions (e.g., breast augmentation, hormones)
  • Hormone therapy for prostate cancer patients
  • Access to certain clothing (e.g., binders)
  • Therapy/counselling to explore gender/sex
    People of all genders engage in gender affirming practices, though society tries to regulate access to these practices/services for some groups more than others.

Human Sexuality PSYC 350 (11 decks)

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