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Gender & Sexism Flashcards

(48 cards)

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1
Q

Sex

A

Biological & physiological characteristics that define men and women

Biological maleness and femaleness

Sex-typed bodies place individuals in a gender group

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2
Q

Gender

A

Socially constructed roles, behaviours, activities, and attributes that a society associates with masculinity and femininity

Masculine/men
Feminine/women = gender categories

Biological and socio-cultural dimensions are intertwined (twist-together)

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3
Q

Everybody does gender

A

Gender is not simply rooted in biology

Gender is something that people do in social interactions

Not so much a set of traits residing within individuals

“Doing gender” reinforces essential group differences

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4
Q

Gender is Multidimensional

A

Gender identity

Gender role

Gender beliefs

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5
Q

Gender identity

A

Thinking of oneself as male or female

Perceptions of similarity with ingroup

Sense of common fate (outcome) with ingroup

Cognitive centrality

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6
Q

Gender role

A

Behaving in ways considered appropriate for women or men in the surrounding culture

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7
Q

Gender beliefs (thinking)

A

Expression of gender attitudes

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8
Q

Gender has an Intergroup Dimension

A

Most salient category that guides social perception

Psychological essentialism

Despite considerable interpersonal contact, men are the dominant

Cognitive centrality of gender tends to be stronger for some group

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9
Q

Most salient category that guides social perception

A

Perceivers rapidly categorise a person’s gender

Immediately draw inferences based on gender

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10
Q

Psychological essentialism

A

Tendency to view category members, all men or all women, as sharing deep, immutable (unchanging over time) properties that fundamentally determine “who they are”

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11
Q

Despite considerable interpersonal contact

A

Men regarded as more advantaged than women

Power and status differences between gender groups

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12
Q

Cognitive centrality of gender tends to be stronger for

A

Women vs. men

Feminist women vs. traditional women

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13
Q

Williams & Best (1982): Measured sex stereotypes across 25 notions

A

Men: dominant, competitive -> agentic

Women: emotional, fearful -> relational

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14
Q

Gender similarities hypothesis (Hyde, 2005)

A

Women and men are more similar than different

Data from 46 meta-analysis across cognitive, social, personality, and well-being domains

78% of differences are close- to-zero (d < 0.10) or small (d < 0.35)

Only 8% of differences are moderate or large

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15
Q

Zell, Krizan, & Teether (2015): 106 meta-analyses

A

Over 12 million participants

85% of differences categorized as close-to zero or small

Very few differences were noted as medium or large (15%)

Held across age and culture

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16
Q

The Dual Nature of Stereotypes

A

Descriptive stereotypes

Prescriptive stereotypes

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17
Q

Descriptive stereotypes

A

Describe what people from a certain group are like

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18
Q

Prescriptive stereotypes

A

Dictate (state) how people from a certain group should behave
e.g. “Men should be competitive.”

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19
Q

Backlash for Not Doing Gender

A

Social & economic penalties for breaking the gender stereotypes

“Even if women can be agentic, they should not be.”

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20
Q

Backlash Against Agentic Women: Phelan, Moss-Racusin & Rudman (2008)

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A

Both men and women: rated as the same level on competence

Female applicants: less likeable, hireable compared to male applicants

21
Q

Double Bind for Female Leaders

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A

Descriptive stereotype: women aren’t fit to lead
perceived incompetence

Prescriptive stereotype: women should not lead, even if they can
- penalties for violating gender stereotypes

22
Q

Boys’ academic underachievement

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A

Kids agree that girls are better at school than boys.

These days, boys do increasingly worse than girls at school, in the UK and across the West.

Stereotype of boys as less able or willing to concentrate.

Example of boys ‘doing gender.’

23
Q

Backlash Against Men: compare to women, men are penalized for:

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A

Passivity and emotional self-disclosure

Success in feminine domains

Supporting feminism

24
Q

Male Double Bind

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A

Comply with stereotypes = emotional, physical, & relational costs

Break the stereotypes = risk backlash

25
Backlash for Men: Moss-Racusin, Phelan & Rudman, 2010b
Did not affect the hireable rate in male, although they were rated less likeable and agentic
26
What is Sexism?
Thinking, feeling, acting differently (stereotyping, prejudice, discrimination) on basis of gender, particularly masculine (male) and feminine (female) The subordination of one sex The range of attitudes, beliefs, policies, laws, and behaviours that discriminate on the basis of gender
27
The subordination of one sex
Female based on the assumed superiority of the other sex, male
28
“Women are wonderful” effect
People associate more positive attributes with women compared to men
29
Deep respect for women (Eagly & Mladinic, 1994)
Across cultures, women are generally seen as kinder, nicer, more moral, even more human than men
30
Central Gender Relationship Paradox 
(Glick, 2013)
Male dominance coexists with intimate interdependence on women e.g. Men may rule, but heterosexual men depend on women for love, sex and domestic labor
31
Ambivalent Sexism Theory
(Glick & Fiske, 1996, 1999, 2001) Ambivalent (contradictory idea)
Male dominance creates hostile (aggressive) sexism Intimate interdependence creates benevolent (kind) sexism
32
Traditional gender ideologies balance these competing forces:
Higher status gender (men) protect the lower status gender (women) - paternalism In turn, lower status gender may admire this protection and appreciation, although resent blatant antipathy
33
Two Elements of Ambivalent Sexism
Hostile sexism Benevolent sexism
34
Hostile sexism = threat to women
Negative, resentful feelings about women’s abilities, values and ability to challenge men’s power Opposition to gender equality measures “Feminists are making unreasonable demands of men.” “Women exaggerate problems they have at work.”
35
Benevolent sexism
Loving, chivalrous, but potentially patronising feelings of women needing and deserving protection “Men should be willing to sacrifice their own well-being in order to provide financially for the women in their lives.”
36
Hopkins-Doyle et al (2018), posts on the Everyday Sexism Project The majority of posts were Hostile Sexism
Women don’t recognise Benevolent Sexism as sexism and less likely to act out against
37
When women recognise Benevolent Sexism as sexism
They can come across as being oversensitive and obnoxious, especially since so many women don’t take issue with it, it sets a norm
38
Hostile and benevolent sexism across countries
Men: more hostile Both genders: equally benevolent
39
Outcomes of Hostile Sexism (HS)
Higher levels -> associated with negative reactions to pregnant female job seekers Negative reactions (reduced affect; seen as less competent) toward sexualised women within work contexts Men high in HS -> place greater importance on attractiveness in romantic partners Negative perceptions of intimate partners and lower relationship satisfaction among men
40
Outcome of Benevolent Sexism
Blame of rape survivors who “break the rules” Women accepting husbands giving them orders like “don’t drive” Reduced cognitive performance when reminded of benevolent sexism
41
Dardenne et al (2007): Importance of hiring women in workplace
Women are more cultured and sophisticated than men, that allow the firm to benefit from their moral sense and refined taste
42
Calogero & Jost (2011): primed sexism with 200 Kent students
Priming BS resulted in more - Self-objectification - Self-surveillance - Body shame
43
Moya et al. (2007): Women high in BS responded positively to men telling women not to do things: as long as:
The men were husbands The justification for the restriction was protective rather than hostile
44
Ambivalent sexism and reproduction
Benevolent sexism encourages men... Hostile sexism encourages men... Benevolent and hostile sexism encourages women.
45
Benevolent sexism encourages men:
To commit to relationships To self-sacrifice and change To protect women
46
Hostile sexism encourages men:
To be promiscuous/immoral To avoid commitment To control women’s reproduction
47
Benevolent and hostile sexism encourages women:
To be clean, pure, faithful To make sacrifices for their children To make sure other women are doing the same
48
An example of paternalism
Both BS and HS supported the proscriptive rules that ”pregnant women should not take strenuous exercise”, “… drink alcohol”, “drink tapwater”, but Only BS predicts willingness to intervene on pregnant women’s choices

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