gender + society

Question 1

Feminism.

Answer 1

Political, philosophical, economic, psychological, sociological, etc movements seeking to free women from male dominance with independance and dignity.

Question 2

Mary Wollstonecraft’s publishing.

Answer 2

‘A Vindication on the Rights of Women’, 1792.

Question 3

First wave feminism.

Answer 3

Focused on right to vote and for political, civil and social equality to men.

Question 4

First wave feminist publishing and writer.

Answer 4

Harriet Taylor, ‘Enfrancisement of Women’.

Question 5

Second wave feminism.

Answer 5

Aimed at modernising mindset and attitude.

Question 6

Second wave feminist publishing and writer.

Answer 6

Betty Friedan, ‘The Feminine Mystique’.

Question 7

Simone de Beauvoir’s book and main argument.

Answer 7

‘The Second Sex’; women allow for men to define and control their existence as eternal feminine and must liberate themselves from this to be real individuals.

Question 8

‘Mauvais foi’, false-consciousness.

Answer 8

A false objective one has of themself, limiting themself of true freedom and individuality.

Question 9

Existential view of gender.

Answer 9

That men and women are born without gender roles or gendered traits and that these are taught to us by society.

Question 10

Essential view of gender.

Answer 10

That men and women are born with specific, separate, defining gender traits which suit them to gender roles.

Question 11

‘The Eternal Feminine’.

Answer 11

The false view that there is essential female traits and roles.

Question 12

Marx on human interactions.

Answer 12

About power and ability to dominate and control another person/peoples.

Question 13

Foucault’s analysis of sexual history.

Answer 13

Sexuality cannot be defined in binary terms.

Question 14

‘Ars erotica’.

Answer 14

Foucault’s term for sex as purposeful for pleasure, companionship and education.

Question 15

‘Scientia sexualis’.

Answer 15

Foucault’s term for controlling sexual practises.

Question 16

Foucault on sexuality.

Answer 16

“Sexuality must not be thought of as a kind of natural given.”

Question 17

Simone de Beauvoir on gender.

Answer 17

“One is not born, but rather becomes a woman.”

Question 18

Genesis on gender roles.

Answer 18

God commands women be mothers, ruled over by their husbands while men work and provide.

Question 19

Jeremiah’s covenant.

Answer 19

Based on the heart and relationships to which external characteristics do not matter.

Question 20

Story of Mary and Martha.

Answer 20

Mary is allowed to listen and learn, while Martha is critisced for focusing only on her domestic duties.

Question 21

St Paul to the Galatians.

Answer 21

“There is no longer male and female; for all of you are one in Christ Jesus.”

Question 22

Concept of ‘household rules’ in the Bible.

Answer 22

A common ancient Roman and Greek practise adopted by Early Christians to provide codes of behaviour for maintaining social order.

Question 23

Biblical example of household rules and what it says to women.

Answer 23

St Paul’s letter to the Ephesians; ‘wives be subject to your husbands as you are to the Lord’.

Question 24

Controversy over St Paul’s claim that the husband is the head of the wife.

Answer 24

• Traditionally interpreted to mean the wife is subsvient to the husband.
• ‘Head’ can also mean ‘source of life’ which may refer to when Eve was made from Adams rib.

Question 25

St Paul's letter to the Ephisians on mutual obedience.

Answer 25

"Be subject to one another."

Question 26

St Paul in his letter to Timothy.

Answer 26

"Let a woman learn in silence with full submission."

Question 27

The 'Right'.

Answer 27

A branch of conservative Protestiantism.

Question 28

The 'Right' on feminism.

Answer 28

Destabalised households, causes family breakdowns and makes unrealisitic expectations for women.

Question 29

Equal but different.

Answer 29

Idea that God created men and women equal in worth but with different traits and strengths to suit their roles.

Question 30

The 'Right' on womens role.

Answer 30

To create a domestic haven and bring life into the world to nurture it.

Question 31

Eroticisation.

Answer 31

Treatment of people as sexual objects for pleasure.

Question 32

The 'Right' on cohabitation and homosexuality.

Answer 32

- Causes eroticisation. - Relations become too private and egocentric. - People dont have to put work into relationships.

Question 33

Liberal Protestants on Foucault and eroticisation.

Answer 33

Reduces love to eros, when it should include agape and philos as well.

Question 34

Liberal Protestants on womens role.

Answer 34

All people should do that which is healthy for them, which is not always parenthood.

Question 35

The Kingdom of God.

Answer 35

An inclusive, non-hierachical, non-judegmental society.

Question 36

Liberal Protestants on Jesus' ministry.

Answer 36

Advocated the Kingdom of God, as well as an advocate for the marginalised of society including women and sexual outsiders.

Question 37

Sociologist Jessie Bernard's work.

Answer 37

Children can feel equally loved, secure and provided for in any family dynamic (not just a nuclear one).

Question 38

Roman Catholic Church on feminism.

Answer 38

- Praises the effort to raise dignity and position of women in society. - Suspicious of secular agenda diminishing gender differences with their spiritual contribution to society.

Question 39

'Mulieris Dignitatem' (On the Dignity and Vocation of Women).

Answer 39

Apostolic letter from Pope John Paul 2nd.

Question 40

Theotokos.

Answer 40

Greek word meaning 'God-bearer' referring to Mary's role as Mother of Christ.

Question 41

Mulieris Dignitatem points.

Answer 41

- Apologetic of Church's historic misunderstanding of women and their relationships to men. - Claims belief in the equality of men and women as both made in the likeness of God. - Uses Biblical tradition and natural law to illustrate the special role of women as mothers and nurturers. - Advocates women follow Mary's example, with virtues of obedience and dignity.

Question 42

Catechism on cohabitation.

Answer 42

"Scarcely ensure mutual sincereity and fidelity."

Question 43

Elisabeth Schussler Fiorenza on Catholicism and feminism.

Answer 43

Christians have written women out of their history, including a number of women leaders such as Priscilla, Apphia and Pheobe.

Question 44

Catharina Halkes on Catholicism and feminism.

Answer 44

Jesus' teachings of the Kingdom of God require social and spiritual transformation, meaning women must develop their spiritual gift of care into the public sphere and men must give up their sense of entitlement.

Question 45

Ivone Gebara and Maria Clara Bingemer on the figure of Mary in Latin America.

Answer 45

Mary is seen as a working single mother, an inspiration for those who have 'failed' but continue to remain open to God and maintain strength to sustain her family.