gene -bolics

Question 1

There are close to __ ___ bases of the human genome, but only __-___ protein-coding genes

Answer 1

3 billion; 20,000-25,000

Question 2

Alternative splicing and alternative gene ___ result in 4-6 different ___ from a single gene.

Answer 2

promoters; mRNAs

Question 3

Number of __-___ ___ (transcriptome) may be as large as 100,000

Answer 3

protein-coding mRNAs

Question 4

The original Human Genome Project used ‘clone-by-clone’ and ‘____’ approaches for sequencing

Answer 4

shotgun

Question 5

There are ___ gaps remaining in the Human genome (compared to 150,000 in draft)

Answer 5

250

Question 6

Since the completion of the human genome, sequencing capacity as ____ dramatically while costs have

Answer 6

increased; declined

Question 7

__ ___ __ __ database has >10,000 entries that associate human genes with inherited diseases

Answer 7

Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM)

Question 8

___ are mapped base positions in the genome where the nucleotide varies among people.

Answer 8

SNPs or single nucleotide polymorphisms

Question 9

Companies (e.g. 23 and me) are offering __ __ scans to individuals for less than $100. This analysis is based on ____.

Answer 9

full genome; SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism analysis)

Question 10

Chromosomal Microarray Analysis (CMA): ___ DNA hybridized to array of several million _____ on chips. This can be used for:

Answer 10

Labeled; oligonucleotide; prenatal screening for early detection of chromosomal defects

Question 11

______ = complement of mRNAs, containing protein-coding sequences but there are also other RNAs produced that play structural or regulatory functions (miRNA, siRNA, etc.)

Answer 11

Transcriptome

Question 12

The transcriptome can be studied using ____, a collection of complementary (cDNA) made from mRNA or ___ ____ arranged on a solid phase slide in a defined order

Answer 12

Microarrays; synthetic oligonucleotides

Question 13

Generally, several oligonucleotide ___ per gene are used

Answer 13

probes

Question 14

Two samples can be compared by labeling each with a ___ ___ ___ and hybridizing them to the same array

Answer 14

different fluorescent dye (e.g. Two-color arrays can compare normal and cancer cells).

Question 15

With advances in sequencing technology, ___ or sequencing the entire compliment of RNA in a sample is rapidly replacing ____ approaches

Answer 15

RNAseq; microarray

Question 16

Data analysis is bioinformatics intensive and requires stringent ___ _____

Answer 16

statistical analysis

Question 17

Proteomics is the study of the ___ ____ of a cell

Answer 17

protein complement

Question 18

___ ___ is the analysis of protein profiles from two or more samples (e.g., diseased vs. healthy cells) to identify quantitative differences that could be responsible for observed _____.

Answer 18

Comparative proteomics; phenotypes

Question 19

Proteomics can identify ___ ____ that cannot be detected by transcriptome analysis

Answer 19

posttranslational modifications

Question 20

Proteins can be separated by two dimensional ___ ___ ___ or by ___ ___.

Answer 20

polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE); Liquid chromatography (FPLC, HPLC)

Question 21

Proteins are identified by ___ ____

Answer 21

Mass spectrometry

Question 22

Metabolomics is the identification and quantification of steady-state levels of ___ ____.

Answer 22

intracellular metabolites (sugars, amino acids, lipids, nucleotides etc.)

Question 23

Because the technology to identify every ____ in a biological sample is not available, targeted metabolomics is often carried out, where a ___ __ metabolites are measured.

Answer 23

metabolite; few specific