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Biochemistry > Gene Expression > Flashcards

Gene Expression Flashcards

1
Q

This RNA is responsible for coding proteins

A

mRNA

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2
Q

This RNA is responsible for positioning and holding the mRNA and TRNA during translation

A

rRNA

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3
Q

This type of RNA polymerase translates DNA to mRNA

A

RNA pol II

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4
Q

Epigenetic modifications do not change the DNA sequence but regulate whether genes are turned on or off. T/F

A

True

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5
Q

In order for RNA polymerase II to bind DNA, Histones must first be__________for binding sites to be exposed to DNA proteins

A

Separated

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6
Q

Nucleasomal arrangement is done by ___________binding a specific recognition sequence

A

Transcriptional enhancers

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7
Q

___________prevent transcription by forcing nucleosomal rearrangement such that RNA polymerase cannot bind the promoter

A

Repressors

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8
Q

__________causes an enhancer element that is far from from the promoter to interact with the initiation complex, stimulating transcription

A

DNA bending

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9
Q

The protein E2F is inactivated by________which represses transcription

A

Rb

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10
Q

When DNA is still in the B-form double stranded helix, with RNA polymerase and activating proteins bound to it, this is called the

A

Closed complex

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11
Q

When the RNA begins moving forward on the DNA , this is now called the

A

Open complex

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12
Q

This strand is the DNA equivalent to the mRNA produced

A

Coding strand

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13
Q

This strand is bound by RNA polymerase and is used for base pairing of nucleotides during transcription

A

Template strand

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14
Q

The growing RNA is assembles from_________to_______and is anti parallel to the template strand

A

5’; 3’

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15
Q

RNA polymerase required that Nucleosomes are________and that____________bind DNA, and that______bind regulators and the DNA at the start site

A

Moved out of the way
Transcription regulators
Transcription factors

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16
Q

The_______is a sequence of DNA found in the core promoter region of genes

A

TATA BOX

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17
Q

The TATA box is a non-coding region. T/F

A

True

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18
Q

The TFIIH protein has 2 enzymic activities. What are they?

A

Helicase activity
Kinase activity

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19
Q

The assembly of these proteins results in the closed complex of DNA

A

TBP
TFIIB
TFIIF
RNA POLYMERASE
TFIIE
TFIIH

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20
Q

The open complex is triggered by the Helicase activity of_______which also phosphorolates RNA polymerase

A

TFIIH

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21
Q

The carboxy terminal domain (CTD) of the large subunit of RNA polymerase II typically consists of___________which is involved with the initiation of transcription

A

52 repeats of Tyr-Ser-Pro-Thr-Ser-Pro-Ser

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22
Q

The phosphorylation of CTD is catalyzed by

A

TFIIH

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23
Q

The dephospha form of CTD binds to the________before getting phosphorolated

A

TATA box binding protein

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24
Q

The method of elongation initiation is done by the phosphorylation of_______via TFIIH which first recruits enzymes to the 5’ end and 3’ end, and then phosphorylation of_______activates elongation

A

Ser5;Ser2

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25
Q

Termination of elongation is done by

A

Dephosphorylation of RNA Pol II

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26
Q

________are sequences of RNA that will be retained and expressed while_________are sequences of RNA that will be removed

A

Exons; introns

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27
Q

The 5’cap is unique for

A

mRNA

28
Q

tRNA and rRNA are made in the

A

Nucleus

29
Q

Introns are recognized and folded into spliceosomes

A
30
Q

The function of the 5’cap is to

A

Protect the 5’end of mRNA

Uniquely identify mRNA

31
Q

The 5’cap is formed by the addition of_______to the 5’ phosphate via a triphosphate bridge

A

7-methyl-guanosine

32
Q

Spliceosomes are complexes made up of

A

snRNPs (small nucleus ribonucleoproteins

33
Q

The point at which introns are cut from the mRNA is called the

A

Lariat site

34
Q

Splicing errors contribute to________of all diseases

A

1/3

35
Q

DNA is replicated in the_______of the cell cycle

A

S phase

36
Q

RNA can also form a helix structure within its structure. T/F

A

True

37
Q

Amonioacyl-tRNA synthetase uses_______to charge the tRNA’s with an ________

A

ATP; amino acid

38
Q

Amino acids are added to the_______end of tRNA

A

3’

39
Q

Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase recognizes tRNA by the

A

CCA sequence

40
Q

CCA is added to the 3’ end of tRNA by the enzyme

A

Nucletidyl transferase

41
Q

The middle loop of the tRNA that encodes the complimentary sequence to the mRNA codon is called the

A

Anti codon loop

42
Q

The genetic decode for start codons is

A

AUG

43
Q

Stop codons are coded by

A

UAA, UAG, UGA

44
Q

This mutation makes no difference

A

Silence

45
Q

This mutation results in a different amino acid inserted that could change if properties of a protein

A

Missense

46
Q

This mutation inserts a stop codon codon in the wrong location

A

Nonesense

47
Q

This mutation adds or deletes bases in numbers which are not multiples of 3

A

Frameshift

48
Q

Point mutations are

A

Single nucleotide changes

49
Q

Point mutations are usually caused by

A

Deanimation or methylation of bases

50
Q

Pre- Initiation of translation begins with the binding of_________to the 5’ cap of mRNAS

A

eIF4F

51
Q

The eIF4F complex is composed of 3 subunits which is added soon after the 5’cap is added. What are they

A

eIF4E
eIf4A
eIF4G

52
Q

eIF4A is a_______

A

Helicase

53
Q

eIF4E is a

A

Cap binding protein

54
Q

eIF4G is a

A

Docking protein

55
Q

The eIF4F complexbinds to the______ribosomal subunit at the _______ carrying the mature mRNA with it

A

40s;eIF3

56
Q

eIF2 is inactive when_______bound

A

GDP

57
Q

When active, eIF2 binds with_________and Carries it to the 40s ribosome

A

Met-tRNA

58
Q

eIF2 is phosphorylated by GTP, activating it, via

A

eIF2B

59
Q

The first met-tRNA binds at which site

A

The P site

60
Q

The second tRNA is carried to the_________via _______

A

A site; eEF1

61
Q

________catalyzes hydrolysis of GTP which provides energy to move the tRNA from the A site to the P site

A

eEF2

62
Q

Termination factors bind ribosome when a stop codon reaches the

A

A site

63
Q

___________catalyzes the addition of an amino acid residue to grow the polypeptide chain

A

Peptides transferase

64
Q

Translocation of the newly formed peptides tRNA from the A site to the Psite, while P site tRNA moves to the E site is done by

A

eEF2

65
Q

Stop codons interact with

A

Release factors

Biochemistry (11 decks)

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