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Biochemistry > Cell Signalling > Flashcards

Cell Signalling Flashcards

1
Q

Hydrophilic signalling is done by signal molecules binding to receptors on the

A

Cells surface

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2
Q

Hydrophobic signalling is done by signal molecules binding to the receptor by

A

Diffusing through the membrane

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3
Q

Contact signalling occurs through membrane bound proteins such as

A

Integrins. And gap junctions

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4
Q

Paracrine signalling is when a cell releases a chemical signal that effects

A

Nearby cells

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5
Q

Autocrine signalling occurs similarly to _______except the chemical signal released effects

A

Paracrine; itself

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6
Q

Endocrine signalling occurs when the signal that is released must________ to reach its desired cell

A

Travels long distance

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7
Q

Synaptic signalling occurs when the chemical signal travels_______ to affect electrical signalling in adjacent cells

A

Short distances

(Axons)

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8
Q

Specific Ligands only act on specific cells. T/F

A

False

A specific ligand can act on multiple cells for multiple different functions

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9
Q

A common ligand with multiple receptors with different functions is

A

Acetylcholine

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10
Q

Transmembrane receptor mechanisms include

A

G protein coupled receptors

Enzyme coupled receptors

Ion channel coupled receptors

Intracellular receptors

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11
Q

Intracellular receptors refer to receptors located on the

A

Nucleus

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12
Q

Intracellular receptors receive ligands through what signalling

A

Hydrophobic

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13
Q

Agonists cause a conformational change on the receptor resulting in the ______of the receptor

A

Activation

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14
Q

Antagonist bind the receptor and are synonymous to

A

Competitive Inhibitors blocking the active site and preventing activation

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15
Q

Inverse agonists bind the receptor and

A

Stabilizes the inactive state, can reduce the the activity

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16
Q

Intracellular receptors bind to

A

Hydrophobic ligands

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17
Q

Intracellular receptors are also called

A

Nuclear hormone the family

OR

steroid hormone family

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18
Q

Intracellular receptors are primarily________which modifies gene transcription

A

Transcription factors

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19
Q

Hormone receptor ligands are made from

A

Cholesterol

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20
Q

Class I nuclear receptors exist in the________which are pre bound to_______. Once binded, the receptor is dimerized and them translocated to the_______

A

Cytosol; HSP90; nucleus

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21
Q

Class II nuclear receptors pre exist already bound to______. Ligand binding the causes the release of______ and ______ proteins

A

DNA; Co-repressors; co-activator

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22
Q

The difference between class I and Class II nuclear receptors is that

A

Class I receptors must bind to the ligand first and THEN translocate to DNA

class II receptors already exist on the DNA and simply await the ligand for binding

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23
Q

Nuclear hormones are typically

A

Hydrophobic

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24
Q

G proteins are composed of how many units? What are they?

A

3 units

Alpha, beta, and gamma units

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25
Q

G proteins are inactivated when bound to_______and activated when bound to________

A

GDP; GTP

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26
Q

Alpha G protein when bound to GTP activated which enzyme

A

Adenylate cyclase

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27
Q

The function of adenylate cyclase is to

A

Convert ATP to cAMP

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28
Q

cAMP acts as a_______after the hormone

A

Second messenger

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29
Q

cAMP binds and activates

A

Protein Kinase A (PKA)

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30
Q

PKA phosphorylates

A

GLycogen phosphorylase kinase

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31
Q

Glycogen phosphorylase kinase activates_______which degrades glycogen into glucose

A

Glycogen phosphorylase

32
Q

Glycogen phosphorylase, and glycogen phosphorylase kinase are inactivated by which hormone

A

Insulin

33
Q

Another ‘second messenger’ can also be

A

Calcium

34
Q

G protein coupled receptors (GPCRS) take a similar shape as

A

7-transmembrane alpha helices

35
Q

GTP hydrolysis leads to

A

Inactivation of the G protein

36
Q

Trimeric G proteins have an intrinsic_______which hydrolases GTP to GDP

A

GtpAse

37
Q

GTP binding to the alpha subunit causes _______from the beta and gamma subunits

A

Separation

38
Q

Small G-proteins do not have an intrinsic_________and the hydrolysis of GTP must be supplied by

A

GTPase; GAP (GTPAse accelerating protein)

39
Q

cAMP/PKA mechanism ONLY target glucose phosphorylase kinase and glucose phosphorylase. T/F

A

False

They have many potential targets

40
Q

cAMP/PKA targets phosphorylation of _______to regulate gene expression

A

CREB

41
Q

GCPRS can induce responses other than elevating cAMP. T/F

A

True

42
Q

Some G proteins such as______proteins can inhibit adenylate cyclase by binding with_______

A

Gi; alpha adrenergic receptors

43
Q

The function of GPCR kinase (GRK) is to_______ GPCR so that it can bind with_______leading to inactivation of the protein.

A

Phosphorylate; arrestin

44
Q

Receptors can be regulated by end-cytosol by either_______or disposed of by

A

Engulfed into the cell to be reused; lysosomes

45
Q

Odarent receptors fall under which class of signalling proteins

A

GPCRS

46
Q

Which G protein mediates inhibition of adenylate cyclase

A

Gi

47
Q

Beta-adrenergic receptors stimulate which G-protein

A

Gs

48
Q

Which G protein mediates calcium signalling

A

Gq

49
Q

Transcriptions are Intracellular receptors. T/F

A

True

50
Q

Ca similarly to cAMP is a

A

Second messenger

51
Q

Calmodulin binds to_____Ca ions causing a conformational change

A

4

52
Q

Phospholipases C-beta is activated by

A

Gq-GTP

53
Q

Phospholipase c cleaves________(which is a second messenger) from PIP2, that activates a calcium channel as a result

A

IP3

54
Q

___________ from the PIP2 and IP3 cleavage, along with calcium ions activate protein kinase C

A

DiAcylGlycerol

55
Q

Muscle contraction can occur when calmodulin binds with________ which phosphorylates the myosin light chain

A

MLC kinase

56
Q

Calcium release can induce further calcium release. T/F

A

True

57
Q

Increased calcium activates__________which produces NO to bind_________, causing the synthesis of cGMP as a result

A

NO synthase; Guanylate cyclase

58
Q

NO synthase uses which amino acid acid along with calcium to produce NO

A

Arginine

59
Q

cGMP causes _________of smooth muscle cells

A

Relaxation

60
Q

Guanylyl cyclase uses________and converts it to cGMP

A

GTP

61
Q

cGMP can activate________causing vasodilation

A

Protein kinase G

62
Q

Guanylate cyclase is activated by

A

NO

63
Q

cGMP is converted back into GMP through which enzyme

A

Phosphodiesterase

64
Q

Viagara works by inhibiting________preventing the conversion cGMP to GMP, keeping cGMP levels elevated and causing increased relaxation

A

Phosphodiesterase 5

65
Q

ANF receptor also has Guanylate cyclase activity and converts GTP to cGMP. T/F

A

True

66
Q

The hormones bradykinin and histamine will increase_________levels in endothelial cells which activatates NO synthase to produce cGMP in adjacent smooth muscle cells

A

Calcium

67
Q

An increase in cAMP in smooth muscle cells will cause________of smooth muscle cells

A

Relaxation

68
Q

An increase in_________levels will in smooth muscle cells cause contraction

A

Ca

69
Q

Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK’S) are activated by

A

Phosporylation

70
Q

Ras is activated by_______which promotes the exchange of GDP-ras to GTP-ras.

A

Sos (Ras-Gef)

71
Q

After RTK is activated through auto-phosphorylatio, adapter proteins with an ______Domain bind the phosphotyrosines

A

SH2

72
Q

MAP kinase kinase kinase (raf) is activated by

A

An active ras protein

73
Q

GEF converts_________to _________to activate a protein

A

GDP; GTP

74
Q

GAP converts______to ______ to inactivate a protein

A

GTP;GDP

75
Q

In apoptosis inhibitoon, PI3 kinase -phosphorylates_______ to create PIP3 which then recruits ______ and ______to the plasma membrane.

A

PIP2; AKT;PDK1

76
Q

In apoptosis inhibition, AKT is phosphorylated by______and _______

A

mTOR; PDK1

77
Q

In apoptosis inhibition AKT phosphorylates_________which then dissociates from apoptosis inhibitory protein and activates it.

A

Bad

Biochemistry (11 decks)

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