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HIGHER HUMAN BIOLOGY > Gene Expression Unit 1 > Flashcards

Gene Expression Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe 3 differences between DNA and RNA

A
  • DNA is double stranded and RNA is single stranded
  • Deoxyribose sugar is the nucleotide present in DNA and Ribose sugar is the nucleotide present in RNA
  • The base partner for Adenine is Thymine in DNA and Uracil in RNA
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2
Q

Name the two stages involved in Gene Expression

A

Transcription and Translation

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3
Q

In which region of the cell does transcription take place ?

A

In the nucleus

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4
Q

Name the region on the DNA strand where transcription begins

A

Promoter region

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5
Q

Name the enzyme involved in transcription

A

RNA polymerase

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6
Q

Name the region on the DNA strand where transcription end

A

Terminator

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7
Q

What name is given to the strand formed initially after transcription ?

A

Primary transcript of mRNA

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8
Q

What process follows the formation of the primary transcript of mRNA ?

A

Splicing

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9
Q

Where does the process of splicing occur ?

A

In the nucleus

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10
Q

During splicing, what parts are cut out ?

A

Non coding regions called introns

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11
Q

During splicing, what regions are retained ?

A

Coding regions called exons

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12
Q

The same piece of DNA can be used to make several proteins due to the facts that on occasions different regions can act as introns and exons, what name is given to this ?

A

Alternative RNA splicing

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13
Q

In which part of the cell does translation occur ?

A

Ribosome

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14
Q

Where are tRNA molecules found ?

A

In the cytoplasm

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15
Q

What name is given to every 3 bases on mRNA ?

A

A codon

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16
Q

What name is given to the three bases at one end of a tRNA molecule ?

A

An anticodon

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17
Q

The anticodon acts as a codeword to attach something to the other end of the tRNA, what is it that attaches ?

A

An amino acid

18
Q

How many different amino acids exist ?

A

20

19
Q

A mRNA strand attaches at a ribosome binding site, where does the process of translation begin ?

A

Start codon

20
Q

What type of bonds form between codons and anticodons as they pair up ?

A

Hydrogen bonds

21
Q

Amino acids start to align with one another when tRNA anticodons join up with mRNA codons, what type of bond forms between adjacent amino acids ?

A

Mainly peptide bonds

22
Q

When does the process of translation stop ?

A

When a stop codon is reached

23
Q

What happens to the tRNA and mRNA at the end of translation ?

A

It detaches from the ribosome and is released back into the cytoplasm for reuse

24
Q

What other type of bond can be found between a polypeptide a paper from peptide bonds ?

A

Hydrogen bonds

25
Q

Name some functions of the proteins produced in gene expression ?

A
  • Enzymes
  • Hormones
  • Antibodies
  • Structural proteins
26
Q

What combination of factors determine the overall phenotype of an individual ?

A

Genotype and environmental factors

27
Q

How is a cells genotype determined ?

A

By the sequence of the DNA bases in its genetic code

28
Q

How is a cells phenotype determined ?

A

By the proteins that are synthesised when the genes are exposed

29
Q

Where does the information get copied and transported to ?

A

The ribosome

30
Q

The copying and transport of the DNA code requires a second molecule of what ?

A

mRNA

31
Q

What does the code copied from DNA have to be read by ?

A

A special ‘protein building’ machine called a ribosome

32
Q

A ribosome is built from what ?

A

A second type of RNA called rRNA

33
Q

The assembly of proteins requires amino acids to be called into position. This requires what ?

A

A third type of RNA called tRNA

34
Q

What is translation ?

A

The assembly of proteins requiring amino acids to be called into position. This requires a third type of RNA called tRNA

35
Q

What is transcription?

A

Transcription is the synthesis of mRNA from a section of DNA

36
Q

What does mRNA do ?

A

It copies a section of the DNA and carries it into the cytoplasm to a ‘protein building’ called a ribosome

37
Q

What does tRNA do ?

A

It carries the amino acids into position at the ribosome. This process is called translation

38
Q

What is rRNA ?

A

The RNA part of a ribosome which aids protein synthesis

39
Q

What is RNA Polymerase responsible for ?

A

This enzyme is responsible for transcription at it moves along the gene, unwinding and opening the DNA strand

40
Q

What does RNA polymerase form ?

A

The mRNA strand by joining nucleotides together

41
Q

What end can nucleotides join onto ?

A

The 3’ end of the mRNA strand

42
Q

What is splicing ?

A

These are long sections of DNA that do not code for a polypeptide. These are called introns

HIGHER HUMAN BIOLOGY (21 decks)

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