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Year 3/4 H&S > General > Flashcards

General Flashcards

1
Q

4 principles of biomedical ethics

A

Justice Non-Maleficinece beneficence and Autonomy

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2
Q

Negligence and the bolam principle

A

Breach in the legal duty of care which can either be passive or an omission and it causes harm through various means such as not acting in the patients best interest or causing intentional harm through non-consensual treatment.

Bolam principle - principle where they establish whether an act by a health care professional breached the duty of care and thus was negligent
- for it to not be negligent an authoritative body of care must support the acts of the HCP even if the HCP wasnt following guidelines

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3
Q

Bolitho test

A

a take on the bolam principle whereby its a test to assess whether a HCP breached the legal duty of care and thus acted with neglect. This is done first then if it is still deemed unsure bolitho test is used and it is the way this is judged is whether there was any logical thought process to the actions. If the HCPs actions are deemed logical then it can be considered not to be neglect.

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4
Q

Stigma definition

A

mark of disgrace associated to someone as a result of an outstanding characteristic, circumstance or person.

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5
Q

Process of producing stigma

A

Labelling - identifying a what is assumed to be ‘abnormal’ characteristic
Stereotyping - presuming negative connotations around someone due to their differences
Othering - grouping those with similar characteristics e.g., diabetics and segregating them from those without it.
Discriminating - negative act towards someone labelled in a specific category

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6
Q

Types of stigma (3)

A

Felt - shame you feel as a result of stigma
Enacted - active discrimination by others which can lead to felt stigma
Courtesy - shame felt by someone who is with someone being stigmatised

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7
Q

Negative ways to reduce felt stigma (4)

A
  1. Passing - not seeking help due to fear of feeling stigma
  2. Withdrawing - withdrawal from society, not engaging with certain games due to fear your condition may not let you
  3. Covering - hiding and ignoring your condition, whic could lead to worsening of it
  4. Resisting - positive response (fighting against)
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8
Q

Equality act date and def

A

2010 - makes it illegal to discriminate either directly or indirectly against any person with a mental health condition in public services and functions, access to premises, work, education and transport

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9
Q

Implications of stigma for medicine

A

Fear of stigma - may impact on doctor-patient relationship
Concerns about confidentiality and then further judgement
Treatment may result in stigmas (anticipated stigma)

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10
Q

Health education def

A

Promoting and giving skills and knowledge to the public to hopefully prevent health damaging behaviours e.g., advice given from health care professional, mass media campaigns and educational bodies

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11
Q

Health protection def

A

protection of individuals, groups and populations through the effective collaboration of experts in identifying, preventing and mittigating impacts of infectious disease, environmental =, chemical and radiological threats - usually set out in legislation by public health

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12
Q

Primary prevention def and example

A

Prevention of onset of disease through targetting modifiable risk factors.

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13
Q

Secondary prevention def and example

A

Cure/identifying disease earlier to aim for better prognosis, if risk factors cannot be reduced

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14
Q

Tertiary def and example

A

Managing disease to prevent further complications

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15
Q

Beauties typology - try

A
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16
Q

symtpoms iceburg??

A

70% of symptoms are hidden due to fear of judgment by the doctor if those symptoms are disclosed however most of these symptoms are the most relevant

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17
Q

5 triggers for seeking healthcare

A
  1. Sanctioning
  2. Time line
  3. Impacts of hobbies, work, house work
  4. Impacts on social relations
  5. Interpersonal crises - death of a chid, family member, divorce
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18
Q

Barriers to health care 5 subcategories and examples

A
  1. Logistics
  2. Cultural differences
  3. Provisions from the hospital
  4. Previous bad experiences
  5. Risk perception
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19
Q

How to reduce barriers in certain ethnic groups

A

Translators available
Ethical outreach groups
Pamphlets in different languages
Clinician education to look out for ethnic risks

20
Q

inverse care law??

A

Better off locations have better medical care than those in poorer locations, even though the poorer locations need it more

21
Q

Marmot review? And principles implementation

A

2010
1. Good available employment to all
2. Give every child have the best start to life
3. Maximise control over their own lives
4. Creating and developing healthy sustainable places and communities

22
Q

Spikes

A

setting
Perception
Initiation
Knowledge
Strategy and summary

23
Q

ABCDE

A

Advance prep
Build relationship
Communicate well
Deal with patient reactions
Encourage and validate emotions

24
Q

Explain false positive true negative etc.

A

False pos = shows pos but ach neg

25
Q

What is positive predictive value

A

The proportion of those who test positive are actually positive

Tp/ tp+fp

26
Q

what is negative predictive value

A

The proportion of those who test negative who are actually negative

Tn/tn+fn

27
Q

what is sensitivity and what does it test

A

How good the test is at ruling in disease

Tp/tp+fn

28
Q

What is specificity and what does it measure

A

How good a test is at ruling out disease
Tn/tn+fp

29
Q

What is affected by prevalance

A

Positive predictive value and negative predictive value as the proportion will increase due to more positive cases

Negative decrease due to less cases

30
Q

What is prevalance

A

the number of individuals exiting with the disease in a certain population at a certain time

31
Q

What is positive likelihood ratio

A

How much odds of a disease increase when the test is positive

sensitivity (1-specificity)

32
Q

What is negative likelihood ratio and equation

A

1-sensitivity/specificty

The odds of a disease decreases when the test is negative

33
Q

Definition of screening

A

The systematic application of a test or inquiry to a specific population who may be at risk of a certain disease that wouldn’t likely present to primary care with symptoms in order to establish disease early implement more investigations and treatments

34
Q

What criteria is used for screening programmes to be established

A

Wilsons

35
Q

What is the criteria for the screening programme to be established

A
  1. Disease
    - is the disease prevalent and impactful
    - does the disease have blood markers that can be detected when asymptomatic
    - long sojourn time

2.Test
- simple, safe, valid and precise
- cost effective
- benefits outweight harm
- significant cut of point of disease allocation vs no disease
- not harmful
- agreed treatment plan

  1. Treatment
    - cost effective
    - benefit from an earlier diagnosis
  2. Programme
    - benefits outweigh harm
    - cost effective
    - regularly reviewed
36
Q

3 advantages and negatives of screening. Programmes

A

Advantages
1. Gives relief to those who may be concerned
2. Allows for better prognosis if diagnosed earlier
3. Less invasive procedures and complications = money saved/ can be economical

Disadvantages
1. False positives - lead to heart break and social conflicts
2. False reassurance - if false negative is given
3. Diagnosis of a condition may not necessarily impact on life expectancy (overdiagnosis bias)

37
Q

What is lead time bias

A

The perception of having a better prognosis due to living with a diagnosis earlier through early screening, could be weeks or months before clinical apparency and then death = perceived better survival when in fact they had just known longer

38
Q

What is length bias

A

The perception of detecting a disease with a longer pre-clinical phase or slower progression which can lead to the overestimation of disease prevalance meaning it looks like more people have the disease just because its around for a longer time

39
Q

What is selection bias? In terms of screening

A

Better educated people tend to attend screening then less educated people and thus results will may show the population on average is healthier than it actually is due to lack of attendance of screening programmes

40
Q

What are the things screened for in the uk

A

Breast cancer
AAA
Cervical
Prostate
DDH
Antenatal
Bowel

41
Q

Psa screen knowledge

A

Prostate specific antigen

42
Q

Cerivcal screen

A
43
Q

Bowel screen

A
44
Q

antenatal screen

A
45
Q

Aaa screen

A
46
Q

DDH screen

A
47
Q

Breast screen

A

Year 3/4 H&S (7 decks)

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