General

Question 1

what does high sensitivity mean?

Answer 1

all + some false positives
rule OUT

Question 2

what does high specificity mean?

Answer 2

all - some true positives
rule IN

Question 3

what are the two models of clinical reasoning?

Answer 3

pattern recognition
hypothesis generation

Question 4

what is the severity of a disease?

Answer 4

the degree to which symptoms will restrict a movements and function for a patient and intensity of symptoms

Question 5

what is the irritability of a disease?

Answer 5

the degree to which symptoms increase and reduce on provocation

Question 6

what are the different stages of healing we should consider?

Answer 6

acute, sub acute, recurrent, chronic / persistent

Question 7

what are the 3 different types of pain?

Answer 7

nociceptive
neuropathic
nociplastic

Question 8

what is nociceptive pain?

Answer 8

associated with actual or threatened damage to non neural tissues with activation of peripheral nociceptors

Question 9

what is neuropathic pain?

Answer 9

as a consequence of a lesion or disease affecting the somatic sensory system. can be peripheral or central depending on location of lesion

Question 10

what is nociplastic pain?

Answer 10

altered nociceptive processing in the central nervous system in the absence of peripheral drivers such as tissue injury or neuropathy

Question 11

what is tendinitis?

Answer 11

inflammation of tendon

Question 12

what is tendinosis?

Answer 12

degeneration of tendon

Question 13

what happens to the matrix in tendinopathy?

Answer 13

less collagen 1, more collagen 3

Question 14

what are the general 4 stages of the healing process?

Answer 14

haemostasis
inflammation
proliferation
remodelling

Question 15

what are some risk factors for poor healing?

Answer 15

age
geneetic factors
previous use of steroids, overuse of drugs/alcohol
deconditioning and/or previous injury
metabolic influence - smoking, diabetes, kidney function, eating disorders
obesity
activity levels

Question 16

which is the quickest healing times, muscle, tendon or ligament and why?

Answer 16

muscle quick - rich blood supply
then tendon (longer remodelling process)
then ligament (least blood supply)

Question 17

what are the four stages of fracture healing?

Answer 17

haematoma formation
fibrocartilaginous callus formation
bony callus formation
bone remodelling

Question 18

how long for each stage
haematoma formation
fibrocartilaginous callus formation
bony callus formation
bone remodelling

Answer 18

haematoma formation 1-5 days
fibrocartilaginous callus formation 5-11 days
bony callus formation 11-28 days
bone remodelling 18 days - months/years

Question 19

how long for each stage (muscles)
inflammation
proliferation
remodelling

Answer 19

inflammation - 0-4 days
proliferation 4 days - 4 weeks
remodelling - 4-12 weeks

Question 20

how long for each stage (tendon)
inflammation
proliferation
remodelling

Answer 20

inflammation 0-4 days
proliferation 4 days - 6 weeks
remodelling 6 weeks - 4 months

Question 21

how long for each stage (ligament)
inflammation
proliferation
remodelling

Answer 21

inflammation 0-4 days
proliferation 4 days - 6 weeks
remodelling 6 - weeks - 4 months

Question 22

what are the 4 changes in tendinopathy pathophysiology?

Answer 22

changes in tendon cell population
collagen disorganisation
changes in ground substance
neovascularisation

Question 23

what are the changes in tendon cell population in tendinopathy?

Answer 23

promotion of growth factors, increase in tenocytes

Question 24

what is the effect of more collagen 3 instead of collagen 1 in tendinopathy?

Answer 24

reduced tensile strength
collagen disorganisation

Question 25

what are the changes in ground substance in tendinopathy?

Answer 25

more PGs and GAGs increased water content swelling and inflammation increase in pain inducing chemicals

Question 26

what does the increase in new blood vessels and nerve fibres mean in tendinopathy?

Answer 26

increased pain sensitivity

Question 27

what are the three main changes in OA (pathophysiology)?

Answer 27

articular cartilage changes subchondral bone synovial membrane

Question 29

what happens to subchondral bone in OA?

Answer 29

subchondral sclerosis - hardening of the bone just beneath the cartilage increase type 1 collagen, increased osteoblastic activity, bony spurs (osteophytes)

Question 30

what happens to the synovial membrane in OA?

Answer 30

synovitis/inflammation due to cartilage breakdown

Question 31

what is the classification of muscle injuries? 0-4 and A-C?

Answer 31

0-4 classification on extent of MRI changes A-C on anatomical location

Question 32

what do 0-4 represent on classification of muscle injuries?

Answer 32

0-DOMS 1-small injury/tearing 2-moderate injury/tearing 3-extensive injury/tearing 4-full tear

Question 33

what do A-C represent on classification of muscle injuries?

Answer 33

A-myofascial B-muscle-tendon junction C-intratendinous