General Flashcards
(28 cards)
What are the categories of development studies in psychology?
Physical, cognitive, social and emotional development.
Piaget theories (psychoanalysis)
STAGES of development
Schemes to interpret information.
Assimilation and accommodation to achieve cognitive equilibrium.
Cognitive equilibrium:
Harmony between thought processes and environment.
Assimilation:
Interpreting knowledge on terms of existing schemas. E.g. ‘Look it’s a horse’… pointing at camel using horse schema.
Accommodation:
Adjusting schemas to reflect better understanding of the world.
Piaget’s Stages of Development:
SENSORIMOTOR: sensory understanding, lack object permanence.
PREOPERATIONAL- egocentric thought/speech// centrism (single focused) Mental representation but not operational. Animism.
CONCRETE OP- logical thought about concrete events experienced, decentrism allows for operational thought.
FORMAL OP- abstract reasoning and problem solving.
Three components of prejudice
Cognition : stereotyping
Affect : prejudice
Behavior : discrimination
Festinger 1956
Dissonance
Inconsistent cognitions cause arousal.
Inconsistency leads to change.
We avoid inconsistent cognitions
Hovland , Janice and Kelley 1953
Ingredients of persuasion
WHO says WHAT to WHOM
Source // message// audience
Petty, Cacioppo and Goldman 1981
Elaboration likelihood model
College students listen to arguments. Source, consequence and message are manipulated.
High personal consequence- quality of argument significant, source unimportant.
Low personal consequence- source expertise significant, quality of message not.
Propinquity
Proximity increases liking/
Equity theory
People want rewards from a relationship that are equal to their input.
Anger arises from under-benefit.
Guilt arises from over benefit.
Arousal cost-reward model
Weighing the cost/ reward of intervening and engaging in pro social behaviour
Normative development vs individual differences
Normative- species normal development, focus on similarities.
Individual difference- differences between children at a particular age/time/place. Focus on differences.
Continuous vs discontinuous development
Continuous- gradual change consistent with information processing theories.
Discontinuous - stages of development as with Piaget/ Freud.
Naturalistic vs structured observations.
Limitation of observation?
Naturalistic- in real world setting with no researcher involvement.
Structured - lab experiments or set ups .
Lim- observer influence on situation or bias observation
Operant conditioning
Reinforcement
Increased probability of behavior reoccurrence
Negative reinforcement or punishment
Decreased probability of reoccurrence
Longitudinal research study
Comparing one sample at different times.
Cross sectional research study
Comparing one theory across different groups at one time.
Autosomes
22 pairs of chromosomes that are NOT sex chromosomes.
Stages in development
Germinal 0-2wks
Implantation
Embryonic 3-8wks
Growth of all physical structures and nervous system.
Fetal- 2-9m
Begins with one development.
By 3m - heartbeat, movement and sex determined.
2nd Trimester
Noticeable movement, billions of neuron connections and other systems.
3rd Trimester
Functional (breathe/swallow/digest etc) Fetus is awake, early signs of personality (active fetus- less fearful 2yr old)
Can perceive external stimuli (sound) and pain!
Left hemisphere
Sensory information and control of right side.
Verbal abilities.
Positive emotion.
Right hemisphere
Sensory information and control of left side of body
Spatial abilities
Negative emotion
Children and the media
Attention
Violence
Cognitive development
TV hours per day at age 1/3 predicted behavior problems at age 7.
Bobo dolls- copied aggression
Violent tv at 9 predicts aggression at 19.
Informative programmed aided development but animations did not relate to test scores.
