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General Flashcards

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1
Q

What signs on an ECG would you expect to see with acute pericarditis?

A

PT segment depression

ST elevation

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2
Q

What type of MI is associated with bradycardia?

Which vessel is occluded?

A

Inferior

RAD

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3
Q

How would you accentuate aortic stenosis?

A

Ask the patient to squat down

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4
Q

What does adenosine do?

A

Decreases heart rate and reduces conduction velocity at the the AV node

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5
Q

What type of hypertension is of ‘unknown cause’?

A

Essential hypertension

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6
Q

What type of hypertension can damage other organs?

A

Essential hypertension

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7
Q

What is the clinical definition of hypertension?

A

Bp of over 140/90

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8
Q

How is hypertension diagnosed?

A

If clinic bp is over 140/90, ambulatory bp monitoring (ABPM) is a way to confirm diagnosis

If over 135/85 during daytime, type 1 hypertension

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9
Q

If a patient is under 55, what is the first line treatment for hypertension?

A

ACEi or low cost ARB

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10
Q

If a patient is African or Caribbean, what is the first line treatment for their hypertension?

A

Calcium-channel blocker

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11
Q

What is the 2nd line treatment of hypertension?

A

ACEi/ARB + calcium channel blocker

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12
Q

What is the 3rd line treatment of hypertension?

A

ACE-i/ARB + calcium channel blocker + thiazide like diuretic

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13
Q

When are loop diuretics used?

A

Heart failure, oedema etc

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14
Q

What is spironolactone

A

Potassium sparing diuretic

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15
Q

What is secondary hypertension?

A

Hypertension that is caused by another bodily problem e.g. renal disease, hyperaldosteronism

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16
Q

What is the primary treatment for a STEMI?

A

PCI (90 mins)

Thrombolysis if PCI not available

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17
Q

What is the primary treatment for an NSTEMI?

A

Fundaparinux or heparin (anticoagulants)

High risk or recurrent: coronary angiography

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18
Q

What is the initial treatment for an MI?

A 
Analgesia - diamorphine IV
Anti-emetic - IV
Aspirin and Ticagrelor
GTN if BP > 90mmHg
Oxygen - if hypoxic
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19
Q

If a patient has presented with a STEMI that has lasted more than 12hrs, what is the management?

A

Same as NSTEMI

anticoagulants

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20
Q

If you see a change in leads II, III, AVF, what type of MI is it?

A

Inferior

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21
Q

I, IVF V1-6 is what type of MI?

A

Anterolateral

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22
Q

If a patient has narrow complex QRS waves with an irregular heart beat, what do they have?

23
Q

If a patient has broad complex tachycardia and a regular rhythm, what do they have?

Study These Flashcards
A

Ventricular tachycardia

24
Q

If a patient has a narrow complex tachycardia and regular rhythm that is not helped by vagal manouvres, what do they have?

Study These Flashcards
A

Atrial flutter

25
What organisms commonly cause endocarditis
Staph. aureus Viridans streptococci
26
Inverted P waves in the inferior leads are suggestive of what?
Retrograde atrial conduction | Problem probably orignates at the AV node
27
Bradycardic inferior MI is usually due to an occlusion of what vessel?
RCA
28
What heart murmur will be detected on a patient who has recurrent bronchitis and a hoarse voice?
Mitral stenosis Enlarged left atrium struggling to clear bronchial secretions (hence bronchitis) Hoarse voice due to effects on recurrent laryngeal nerve
29
When a patient is asked to sit up and lean forwards, what murmur is the Dr listening for?
Aortic regurgitation
30
When a patient is asked to lie on their left side, what murmur is the Dr listening for?
Mitral stenosis
31
What type of people die from hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
Young athletes
32
What is the main tool used to diagnose hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
Echo
33
What disease is an anacrotic pulse associated with?
Aortic stenosis
34
What type of pulse is associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
Jerky pulse
35
What disease is a bisferiens pulse associated with?
Mixed aortic stenosis and regurgitation
36
What disease is a bounding pulse associated with?
CO2 narcosis Sepsis Liver failure
37
What disease causes a collapsing pulse?
Aortic regurgitation
38
What pulse would you expect to find on a patient with liver failure?
Bounding
39
What type of pulse would you expect to find on a patient with aortic regurgitation?
Collapsing pulse
40
What type of pulse would you expect to find on a patient with aortic stenosis and regurgitation?
Bisferiens
41
What type of pulse would you expect to find on a patient with aortic stenosis?
Anacrotic
42
What condition typically causes a slurred upstroke of the R-wave on an ECG?
Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome
43
What heart murmur is associated with a slow rising pulse?
Aortic stenosis
44
What does corneal arcus show?
hyperlipidaemia
45
What tests need to be done if a patient is found to have hyperlipidaemia?
Renal, liver and thyroid function tests
46
What does warfarin actually do?
It is an inhibitor of the formation of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors
47
What does clopidogrel do?
Inhibits ADP on platelet cell membranes
48
What does aspirin do?
Inhibits cyclo-oxygenase enzyme
49
What drug inhibits ADP on platelet cell membranes?
Clopidogrel
50
What drug is an inhibitor of the formation of vitamin-K dependent coagulation factors?
Warfarin
51
What drug inhibits cyclo-oxygenase enzyme?
Aspirin
52
What causes a raised JVP?
Raised right atrial pressure
53
Cor pulmonale is more commonly found in patients with what lung condition?
COPD
54
What does adenosine do?
It blocks the AV node, thus unmasking flutter waves

Cardiovascular (14 decks)

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